{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:15:41Z","timestamp":1784304941217,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Indirect calorimetry can provide insights into the metabolic processes occurring in cats through substrate utilization and energy expenditure (EE). Additionally, the influence of dietary macronutrients on the heat increment of feeding (HIF) in cats remains unexplored. As such, this proof of principle study aimed to test the short-term effects of 3 test diets formulated for adult maintenance according to AAFCO by comparatively reducing protein, fat, or carbohydrates, to create a low-protein (LP; protein 28%ME, fat 40%ME, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) 28%ME), low-fat (LF; protein 40%ME, fat 27%ME, NFE 27%ME), and a low-carbohydrate (LC; protein 35%ME, fat 40%ME, NFE 20%ME) diet on respiratory quotients (RQ), EE, and HIF in cats. Adult (3.4\u2005\u00b1\u20050.1 yr of age), male, neutered cats (n\u2005=\u200512) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups and offered each diet at an amount to maintain body weight (BW) for 2\u00a0wk in a 3\u2005\u00d7\u20053 Latin square design. The cats BW ranged from 3.94 to 6.33\u00a0kg (mean\u2005\u00b1\u2005SEM BW of 5.08\u2005\u00b1\u20050.28\u00a0kg) and body condition score (BCS) ranged from 4\/9 to 7\/9 (mean\u2005\u00b1\u2005SEM BCS of 5.58\u2005\u00b1\u20050.38). At the end of each test period, 22-h indirect calorimetry was performed to determine RQ, EE, and HIF. Daily food intake was greater for cats consuming the LF diet (61.6\u2005\u00b1\u20051.0\u00a0g\/d) compared to the LP (58.3\u2005\u00b1\u20051.0\u00a0g\/d) and LC (57.7\u2005\u00b1\u20051.0\u00a0g\/d) diets (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001), though energy intake was similar between diets (223.8\u2005\u00b1\u20052.2, 227.9\u2005\u00b1\u20052.0, and 228.4\u2005\u00b1\u20052.0 kcal\/d) (P\u2005=\u20050.1191). In the fasted, immediate postprandial (0 to 120\u00a0min), and postabsorptive (0 to 1,200\u00a0min) states, cats fed LC had a lower RQ compared to LF (P\u2005=\u20050.0154, P\u2005=\u20050.0346, and P\u2005=\u20050.0407, respectively), indicating greater fat oxidation when consuming LC. No differences were observed between the LP diet and the LF and LC diets for RQ (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05). For all cats regardless of diet, the RQ increased from the immediate postprandial to postabsorptive state (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001) as expected. Following feeding, EE increased for all cats regardless of diet (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001). No diet effect was observed for EE in the fasted, immediate postprandial, or postabsorptive states. Diet did not affect HIF in the immediate postprandial state; however, the LP diet had a lower HIF compared to the LF diet over the entire post-feeding state when using the National Research Council ME equation, though the HIF was similar between the LC diet to the LP and LF diets (P\u2005=\u20050.0360). Future research should explore the long-term effects of low levels of dietary macronutrients in cat foods and their role in energy metabolism under various energy balance conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:15:21Z","timestamp":1741860921000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients modulates respiratory quotients and heat increment of feeding but not energy expenditure in cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Kate","family":"Shoveller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Petfoods Holdings , Morinville, Alberta, T8R 1K7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcia","family":"Kostiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Petfoods Holdings , Morinville, Alberta, T8R 1K7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Saunders Blades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Petfoods Holdings , Morinville, Alberta, T8R 1K7","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adronie","family":"Verbrugghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025050709121057400_CIT0001","volume-title":"Association of American feed control officials official publication","author":"AAFCO","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025050709121057400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00508-1","article-title":"High-dose thiamine supplementation may reduce resting energy expenditure in individuals with hyperglycemia: a randomized, double \u2013 blind cross-over trial","volume":"19","author":"Alaei-Shahmiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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