{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:57:27Z","timestamp":1791925047165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Low feed intake (FI) in weanling pigs can be hypothesized as both a cause and consequence of intestinal disturbances and metabolic stress. We explored the associations between individual daily FI patterns, metabolic status, and intestinal physiology. Female pigs (n\u2005=\u200524) were selected based on high or low cumulative FI between d1 and d3 relative to weaning (d0) from 12 pens equipped with electronic feeding stations at 1-wk after weaning for dissection and sampling. Four classes of pigs were created with pigs that started with a high or low FI (d1 to d3) and continued with a high or low FI (d4 to d6) (HH, HL, LH, and LL, respectively; n\u2005=\u20056) for data analysis. In plasma, HL pigs showed higher plasma glutamate dehydrogenase than LL pigs (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). A low FI d1 to d3 increased plasma creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase, and reduced insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), gastrointestinal organ weights, and jejunal villus surface area at 1\u00a0wk after weaning (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). However, low FI d4 to d6 increased plasma haptoglobin, PigMAP, bile acids, and bilirubin levels and reduced jejunal villus length (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). In jejunum tissue, HH pigs had the highest jejunal upregulated IGF-I receptor and a reduced local inflammatory gene expression when compared to HL pigs (MyD88), and similarly, when compared to all classes (FAXDC2). For the main effects, pigs classified as high FI d1 to d3 had upregulated immune systems including IL-6, TGFB1, TLR2, and TLR4 genes compared to low FI d1 to d3 pigs (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). In a multivariate model, variance in average daily gain (R2 = 0.82) was mostly explained by positive correlations with FI d1 to d3, jejunal morphometrics, and plasma IGF-I, while negatively explained by histamine in digesta, and creatinine, PigMAP, triglycerides, and haptoglobin in plasma. In conclusion, pigs transitioning from high to a low FI showed distinct metabolic alterations and a subtle local inflammation masked by the vigorous local immune response in pigs with initial (d1 to d3) high FI. Pigs with an initial low FI had a fasting-like metabolic state, indicated by hepatic alterations pointing at shifting protein metabolism into energy production. Altogether, FI during the initial days postweaning significantly impacts pig growth, immunity, and metabolism, with a sustained low intake (i.e., up to 6 d) triggering a systemic inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T20:41:05Z","timestamp":1743453665000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impact of initial postweaning feed intake on weanling piglet metabolism, gut health, and immunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Fab\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trouw Nutrition R&D, Swine Research Centre , Boxmeer,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana M","family":"Mart\u00edn-Or\u00fae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Bellaterra ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2020-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetske G","family":"Hulshof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trouw Nutrition R&D, Swine Research Centre , Boxmeer ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Bellaterra ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael O","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona , Bellaterra ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hub\u00e8rt M J","family":"Van Hees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trouw Nutrition R&D, Swine Research Centre , Boxmeer ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences , Merelbeke ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052712334933600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.014","article-title":"A weaning reaction to microbiota is required for resistance to immunopathologies in the adult","volume":"50","author":"Al Nabhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025052712334933600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080385","article-title":"DAG expression: high-throughput gene expression analysis of real-time PCR data using standard curves for relative quantification","volume":"8","author":"Ballester","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052712334933600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303329","article-title":"Non-redundant properties of IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 during acute colon inflammation in mice","volume":"63","author":"Bersudsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025052712334933600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.05.013","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 and mTORC1 signaling promote the intestinal regenerative response after irradiation injury","volume":"10","author":"Bohin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. 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