{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T11:02:07Z","timestamp":1784026927151,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture In-House Project","award":["8072-41000-108-00-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8072-41000-108-00-D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The increased attention toward the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease for both animals and humans has fueled the demand for more relevant and accurate research models. In this study, we present an overview of biochemical and microbial parameters measured throughout the digestive tract of ten TopigsNorsvin\u2005\u00d7\u2005German Pi\u00e9train piglets to better understand the in vivo dynamics of digestive and fermentative processes in different gastrointestinal segments, as pigs are suggested to be a representative animal model for the human gastrointestinal tract. Our key findings include region-specific and significantly differing (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) pH profiles, with the stomach having the lowest pH (3.36\u2005\u00b1\u20050.72) and the ileum the highest (7.24\u2005\u00b1\u20050.18). Dry matter content also varied significantly (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001), with the stomach having the highest (27.8\u2005\u00b1\u20052.4%) and the duodenum the lowest (10.6\u2005\u00b1\u20050.7%). The average total transit time was 12\u00a0hr and 45 min\u2005\u00b1\u20051\u00a0h and 42\u00a0min. Enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, amylase) showed interindividual differences. Amino acid levels varied among piglets, with total concentrations averaging 7.04\u2005\u00d7\u2005102\u2005\u00b1\u20052.29\u2005\u00d7\u2005102 \u00b5g mL\u22121 in the duodenum, 1.19\u2005\u00d7\u2005103\u2005\u00b1\u20052.69\u2005\u00d7\u2005102 \u00b5g mL\u22121 in the jejunum and 9.39\u2005\u00d7\u2005102\u2005\u00b1\u20052.54\u2005\u00d7\u2005102 \u00b5g mL\u22121 in the ileum. Bile acid concentrations varied strongly between piglets, with high levels in the gall bladder and varying levels throughout the digestive tract. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations increased significantly (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) along the digestive tract, with the highest levels in the large intestine. The microbial load increased consistently (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) along the digestive tract, with the highest loads in the rectum (6.82\u2005\u00d7\u20051010\u2005\u00b1\u20052.88\u2005\u00d7\u20051010 cells mL\u22121). The highest microbial diversity was observed in the lower intestine (i.e., caecum, colon and rectum), with significant shifts in microbial community composition, especially from the ileum to the caecum. This study provides valuable insights into the digestive and microbiological parameters of the porcine gut, confirming the pig\u2019s relevance as a model for gastrointestinal research. The findings can inform the development of in vitro or ex vivo models, reducing ethical constraints of animal studies and aiding in the assessment of dietary interventions on gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:28:07Z","timestamp":1748338087000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Digestive parameters and gut microbiota load and composition along the <i>in vivo<\/i> piglet gastrointestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Chlo\u00eb","family":"Rotsaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BV , 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1980-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorick","family":"Minnebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University , Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Duysburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BV , 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LinShu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Wyndmoor, PA 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karley K","family":"Mahalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Wyndmoor, PA 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Firrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Wyndmoor, PA 19038"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Bittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BV , 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University , Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering - 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