{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1777521152312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Reduced feed intake is a hallmark of many animal diseases and environmental conditions and has been shown to cause intestinal barrier dysfunction. As there are several markers and assays to evaluate intestinal barrier function, feed restriction may present a potential model to validate and compare multiple in vivo, ex vivo, and tissue markers of intestinal integrity. Forty-eight barrows (9.7\u00a0kg initial body weight) were fed for 7 d at feed intakes of 100%, 75%, 50%, or 25% of expected ad libitum feed intake. After which urine, and blood were taken for in vivo lactulose:mannitol analysis. Additional ileum samples were taken for examination of intestinal function including ex vivo tissue transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), tissue fluorescein isothiocyanate\u2013dextran (FD4) transport, as well as small intestinal villus height and crypt depth, and gene expression. Data were analyzed as an ANOVA as well as a contrast where 25% and 50% were combined, as were 75% and 100%. As expected, observed feed intake followed a linear pattern, as did body weight changes. Pigs fed ad libitum (100%) gained 3.8\u00a0kg whereas pigs fed at 75% restriction gained 2.5\u00a0kg, pigs fed at 50% restriction gained 1.2\u00a0kg and pigs fed at 25% lost 0.37\u00a0kg (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Results showed tissue changes in morphology in duodenum, jejunum and ileum at 25% and 50% feed restriction (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Specifically, pigs fed at 75% and 100% feed levels had on average a 26% greater villus height compared to pigs fed at 50% and 25% (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01). There were no significant differences in TEER, however there was also a tendency for a contrast difference for FD4 as well as for a significant increase in urinary lactulose:mannitol at 25% compared to 75% and 100% (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10). Similarly, pro-inflammatory gene marker, IL17A was increased at 25% feeding level compared to 75% and 100% (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Taken together, these data show that feed restriction may be a good model to compare validation methods for intestinal permeability and function, but that length of feed restriction may have reduced larger impacts on intestinal function observed in other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T04:39:57Z","timestamp":1745296797000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Feed restriction as a model for small intestinal permeability in nursery pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4822-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , Ames, IA 50011 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , Ames, IA 50011 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00056","article-title":"Optimizing fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran measurement as a biomarker in a 24-h feed restriction model to induce gut permeability in broiler chickens","volume":"4","author":"Baxter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez551","article-title":"A feed restriction milieu for Pekin meat ducks that may improve gait characteristics but also affects gut leakiness","volume":"99","author":"Bentley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934381","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.934381","article-title":"A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: insights into physiology and gut health","volume":"13","author":"Brugaletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.1000","article-title":"Nursery pig growth performance and tissue accretion modulation due to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus or porcine deltacoronavirus challenge","volume":"95","author":"Curry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txad146","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad146","article-title":"Evaluation of a microencapsulated form of zinc oxide on weanling pig growth performance, fecal zinc excretion, and small intestinal morphology","volume":"8","author":"Dahmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.8.1449","article-title":"Effects of feed restriction and realimentation on digestive and immune function in the Leghorn chick","volume":"85","author":"Fassbinder-Orth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2351","article-title":"In utero and postnatal exposure to long chain (n-3) PUFA enhances intestinal glucose absorption and energy stores in weanling pigs","volume":"137","author":"Gabler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae348","article-title":"Low feed intake at weaning reduces intestinal glutathione levels and promotes cysteine oxidation to taurine in pigs","volume":"102","author":"Gachman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2023-0402","article-title":"Effects of a multispecies direct-fed microbial on gastrointestinal permeability during feed restriction in a growing heifer model","volume":"5","author":"Goetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDS Commun"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232629","article-title":"Biomarkers of intestinal permeability are influenced by diet in patients with ulcerative colitis\u2014an exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Haskey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227265","article-title":"Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity","volume":"15","author":"Helm","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11911","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18860","article-title":"Evaluating effects of zinc hydroxychloride on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal integrity during feed restriction","volume":"103","author":"Horst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.722309x","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior in pigs is inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00243.2003","article-title":"Total parenteral nutrition adversely affects gut barrier function in neonatal piglets","volume":"285","author":"Kansagra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194445","article-title":"Effect of dietary restriction and subsequent re-alimentation on the transcriptional profile of bovine jejunal epithelium","volume":"13","author":"Keogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9402","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13229","article-title":"Characterizing effects of feed restriction and glucagon-like peptide 2 administration on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal morphology","volume":"100","author":"Kvidera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae120","article-title":"Effects of supplemental citrulline on thermal and intestinal morphology parameters during heat stress and feed restriction in growing pigs","volume":"102","author":"Kvidera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21356","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002098R","article-title":"Mechanism of endocytic regulation of intestinal tight junction remodeling during nutrient starvation in jejunal IPEC-J2 cells","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky004","article-title":"Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on growth performance, digestibility, and gut integrity in growing pigs","volume":"96","author":"Lindblom","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1924","article-title":"Histological aspects of the small intestine under variable feed restriction: The effects of short and intense restriction on a growing rabbit model","volume":"8","author":"Makovicky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2174\/0113894501279979240101051345","article-title":"Cytokines and Regulating Epithelial Cell Division","volume":"25","author":"Marzoog","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.07.001","article-title":"Intestinal permeability defects: is it time to treat","volume":"11","author":"Odenwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156716","article-title":"Involvement of IL17A and IL17RA variants in interleukin-17A levels and disease activity in ulcerative colitis","volume":"182","author":"Paula Sanchez Zanotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1204152","article-title":"Hypoxia exacerbates heat stress effects on the porcine intestinal epithelium in vitro","author":"Pearce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci. 4"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6759","article-title":"Heat stress and reduced plane of nutrition decreases intestinal integrity and function in pigs","volume":"91","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8407","article-title":"Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs","volume":"92","author":"Pearce","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae077","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein level on intestinal function and inflammation in nursery pigs","volume":"102","author":"Pearce","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3475","article-title":"Review of mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced anorexia: the role of gut microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081909","article-title":"The intestinal barrier and current techniques for the assessment of gut permeability","volume":"9","author":"Schoultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100860","article-title":"Review: methods and biomarkers to investigate intestinal function and health in pigs","volume":"17","author":"Sciascia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G11","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00113.2021","article-title":"Biomarkers for assessment of intestinal permeability in clinical practice","volume":"321","author":"Seethaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1520","article-title":"Small intestine epithelial barrier function is compromised in pigs with low feed intake at weaning","volume":"131","author":"Spreeuwenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4500","article-title":"Effects of energy and protein restriction, followed by nutritional recovery on morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract of weaned kids","volume":"91","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042778","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1042778","article-title":"Weaning stress and intestinal health of piglets: a review","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925","article-title":"The Role of Intestinal Permeability in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Current Methods of Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutri"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae262","article-title":"Impact of different feed intake levels on intestinal morphology and epithelial cell differentiation in piglets","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092672","article-title":"Birth weight and nutrient restriction affect jejunal enzyme activity and gene markers for nutrient transport and intestinal function in piglets","volume":"11","author":"Wellington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0038","first-page":"263","article-title":"Ussing Chamber","volume-title":"The impact of food bioactives on health: in vitro and ex vivo models","author":"Westerhout","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114510005660","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function and absorption in pigs after weaning: a review","volume":"105","author":"Wijtten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txac126","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac126","article-title":"Effects of feeding variable levels of mycotoxins with or without a mitigation strategy on growth performance, gut permeability, and oxidative biomarkers in nursery pigs","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025052714093607400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14061","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06162","article-title":"Caloric restriction, friend or foe: effects on metabolic status in association with the intestinal microbiome and metabolome","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf131\/62963219\/skaf131.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf131\/62963219\/skaf131.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf131\/62963219\/skaf131.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T18:09:51Z","timestamp":1748369391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf131\/8117221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf131","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"skaf131"}}