{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:21:48Z","timestamp":1791462108687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock","award":["13462034412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13462034412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate whether exposure to artificial long-day photoperiods stimulates growth performance in young male goats, either intact or castrated. Forty young male goats (13\u00a0wk old), either intact (I) or castrated (C), were assigned to one of two photoperiod treatments: artificial photoperiod (AP; 16h light:8h dark) or natural photoperiod (NP; 12h light:12 dark). Animals were housed individually, and four experimental groups were established: NP-I (n\u2005=\u200510), AP-I (n\u2005=\u200511), NP-C (n\u2005=\u200510), and AP-C (n\u2005=\u20059). Males were weighed weekly; glucose, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations were monitored biweekly; and feed intake was measured every 3\u00a0wk from September to February. At 38\u00a0wk of age, males were slaughtered to assess carcass yield. Each animal was considered an experimental unit, and the data were analyzed using mixed models and repeated measures of SAS. Goats exposed to AP gained more weight and had greater final body weights than those under NP conditions (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). Intact males also gained more weight than castrated males (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). Feed intake was greater in AP-treated animals (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). Carcass yield was greater in both AP- and I-males compared to NP- and C-males, respectively (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). IGF-1 concentration increased in AP- and I-males than in NP- or C-males (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001), and glucose concentration increased in AP-treated animals compared to those exposed to NP (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001). Testosterone concentration increased in AP males than in NP males in weeks 15 and 17 (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01), but not at the other time points (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05). These findings suggest that exposure to artificial long-day photoperiods increases daily weight gain, feed intake, final body weight, and carcass yield in young male goats, regardless of their reproductive status. These improvements were associated with increased IGF-1 and glucose concentrations, while testosterone concentration remained unaffected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T11:42:40Z","timestamp":1754739760000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Artificial long-day photoperiod enhances growth performance and metabolic indicators in young male goats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9648-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Iv\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campo Experimental La Laguna, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales , Matamoros ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Jes\u00fas","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campo Experimental La Laguna, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales , Matamoros ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0569-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Caprina (CIRCA), Posgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro , Torre\u00f3n ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis A","family":"Vargas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Caprina (CIRCA), Posgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro , Torre\u00f3n ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias , Altamira ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar A","family":"Rosales-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Texas State University , San Marcos, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1079\/pns2004367","article-title":"Appetite regulation and seasonality: implications for obesity","volume":"63","author":"Adam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00818-7","article-title":"Secretory profiles of LH and testosterone in pubescent male goat kids","volume":"21","author":"Ahmad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72191-9","article-title":"Major advances associated with hormone and growth factor regulation of mammary growth and lactation in dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Akers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00417.2006","article-title":"Influence of photoperiod and gonadal status on food intake, adiposity, and gene expression of hypothalamic appetite regulators in a seasonal mammal","volume":"292","author":"Anukulkitch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1820409","article-title":"Effects of nutritional status and gonadal steroids on expression of appetite-regulatory genes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of sheep","volume":"182","author":"Archer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607043350111","article-title":"The anabolic action of testosterone","volume":"335","author":"Bardin","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19980501","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod and feeding level on perirenal adipose tissue metabolic activity and leptin synthesis in the ovariectomized ewe","volume":"38","author":"Bocquier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0008","first-page":"260","article-title":"Effect of extended photoperiod on the growth of sheep","author":"Brinklow","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(92)90010-b","article-title":"Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin","volume":"30","author":"Chemineau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74952-6","article-title":"Photoperiodic effects on dairy cattle: a review","volume":"83","author":"Dahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(92)90015-6","article-title":"Induced out-of-season breeding in British Saanen dairy goats: use of artificial photoperiods and\/or melatonin administration","volume":"29","author":"Deveson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0014","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Report on the implications of castration and tail docking for the welfare of lambs","author":"Farm Animal Welfare Council committee (FAWC)","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn2000275","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod and feeding level on adipose tissue and muscle lipoprotein lipase activity and mRNA level in dry non-pregnant sheep","volume":"85","author":"Faulconnier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3232","article-title":"Artificial long-day photoperiod in the subtropics increases milk production in goats giving birth in late autumn","volume":"89","author":"Flores","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021859614000379","article-title":"Artificial long days increase milk production in subtropical lactating goats managed under extensive grazing conditions","volume":"153","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2018.11.013","article-title":"Artificial long-day photoperiod in the subtropics increases body weight in goat kids born in the autumn","volume":"169","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0640549","article-title":"The effect of daylength and level of feeding on serum prolactin in growing lambs","volume":"64","author":"Forbes","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/s1357729800008638","article-title":"The effect of photoperiod on plasma hormone concentrations in wether lambs with genetic differences in body composition","volume":"65","author":"Francis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12073","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod on secretory patterns of growth hormone in adult male goats","volume":"84","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982006000600040","article-title":"Qulalidade da carne de cordeiros castrados a n\u00e3o-castrados confinados sob dois fotoperiodos","volume":"35","author":"Klein J\u00fanior","year":"2006","journal-title":"R. Bras. Zootec"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21276\/basjas","article-title":"Effect of testosterone enanthate injection on some carcass traits and chemical characteristics of castrated Karadi lambs meat","volume":"30","author":"Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basrah J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700277","article-title":"Daily patterns of plasma leptin in sheep: effects of photoperiod and food intake","volume":"170","author":"Marie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243717","article-title":"Dairy goat production systems: a comprehensive analysis to reframe their global diversity","volume":"14","author":"Meza-Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.48130\/tp-2023-0022","article-title":"Forecasting animal protein supply in Asia and Europe in light of climate change, population growth and land pressure","volume":"2","author":"Miassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Plants"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/resources13120177","article-title":"Dairy goat production: socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural importance across time (1970\u20132022) and possible scenarios (2050)","volume":"13","author":"Navarrete-Molina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0029","first-page":"48","volume-title":"M\u00e9todos para dar muerte a los animales dom\u00e9sticos y silvestres","author":"NOM-033-SAG\/ZOO-2014 (NORMA Oficial Mexicana)"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0030","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Pr\u00e1cticas Zoot\u00e9cnicas Dolorosas: Evaluaci\u00f3n y alternativas para el bienestar animal","author":"Orihuela","year":"2019","edition":"Primera edici\u00f3n"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-62-241-2019","article-title":"Relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations and body trait measurements and climatic factors in prepubertal goat kids","volume":"62","author":"Pehlivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1126\/science.622576","article-title":"Supplemental lighting stimulates growth and lactation in cattle","volume":"199","author":"Peters","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1980.5151148x","article-title":"Growth and hormonal response of heifers to various photoperiods","volume":"51","author":"Peters","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1071\/ar9951273","article-title":"Seasonal changes in systemic hormone profiles and their relationship to patterns of fibre growth and moulting in goats of contrasting genotypes","volume":"46","author":"Rhind","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9384(98)00164-4","article-title":"Seasonality of meal patterns and hormonal correlates in red deer","volume":"65","author":"Rhind","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200236","article-title":"Seasonality of food intake in ruminants: recent developments in understanding","volume":"15","author":"Rhind","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2024.106849","article-title":"Birth weight, growth indices, and seminal parameters in male offspring are resilient features to maternal pre-conceptional dietary manipulation in sheep","volume":"88","author":"Rosales-Nieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Domest Anim. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0038","volume-title":"Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-062-ZOO-1999, especificaciones t\u00e9cnicas para la producci\u00f3n, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio","author":"SAGARPA (Secretar\u00eda De Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n)","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0039","volume-title":"SAS\/Stat user\u2019s guide, version 9.3","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1980.514943x","article-title":"Growth and performance of growing-finishing lambs exposed to long or short photoperiods1","volume":"51","author":"Schanbacher","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1980.513685x","article-title":"Testosterone influences on growth, performance, carcass characteristics and composition of young market lambs","volume":"51","author":"Schanbacher","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-2-679","article-title":"Photoperiod associated changes in insulin-like growth factor-I in reindeer","volume":"129","author":"Suttie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0739-7240(02)00148-0","article-title":"Neuroendocrine interactions and seasonality","volume":"23","author":"Thi\u00e9ry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Domest Anim. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56369\/tsaes.4045","article-title":"En los cabritos machos de regiones subtropicales, la exposici\u00f3n a d\u00edas largos artificiales estimula una mayor tasa de crecimiento, un mejor desarrollo e incremento de peso","volume":"25","author":"Vargas-Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1012303","article-title":"Adipose tissue metabolism in sheep: response to season and its modulation by reproductive state","volume":"18","author":"Vernon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/s1357729800058288","article-title":"The r\u00f4les of photoperiod and nutrition in the seasonal increases in growth and insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion in male red deer","volume":"73","author":"Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025091916014832200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.20.0750","article-title":"Effects of prolonged photoperiod on growth performance, serum lipids and meat quality of Jinjiang cattle in winter","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf270\/63999915\/skaf270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf270\/63999915\/skaf270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf270\/63999915\/skaf270.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T20:02:02Z","timestamp":1758312122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf270\/8230184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf270","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"skaf270"}}