{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:15:58Z","timestamp":1790799358397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tannic acid (TA) has astringent functions and prevents diarrhea in piglets. This study investigated the mechanism of different TA levels (0, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.25%) in low-protein diets on growth performance and intestinal barrier function by regulating gut microbiota in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli). We found that low-protein dietary supplemented with different levels of TA enhanced the growth performance of weaned piglets to some degree (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.10) and significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea under both normal and E. coli-challenged conditions (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), but its effects on nutrient digestibility in piglets were not significant (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). The addition of 0.05% TA effectively preserved intestinal morphological integrity and decreased serum LPS, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 levels, as well as increasing serum IgM and IgA concentrations in E. coli K88-challenged piglets (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, TA supplementation increased gene expression related to tight junctions and water channels in the ileum or colon, as well as inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB inflammatory pathway in the ileum (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Additionally, dietary TA supplementation altered the diversity and structural composition of microbes in the colonic chyme of E. coli K88-induced piglets. At the genus level, TA treatment increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002, and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, while E. coli challenge decreased Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundance, and the abundance of these differentially microorganisms was significantly correlated with immune parameters (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). These results indicated that adding 0.05% TA to low-protein diets without antibiotics could alleviate E. coli infection and improve immunity in piglets by regulating gut microbiota and the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway. This study provides a novel nutritional strategy utilizing TA as a promising antibiotic alternative in low-protein diets to combat post-weaning diarrhea and promote intestinal health in piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T11:56:45Z","timestamp":1759406205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tannic acid-mediated gut microbes for enhanced intestinal immunity in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    -challenged weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6194-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University) , Changsha, Hunan 410005,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of animal husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Haerbin 150086,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of animal husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Haerbin 150086,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heshu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of animal husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Haerbin 150086,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhangjiajie Jiurui Biology & Chemistry Co., Ltd , Hunan 427099,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Guangxi University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention , Nanning 530004,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiejun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan 410125,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy , Chengdu, Sichuan 610066,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.112","article-title":"Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production","volume":"109","author":"Aarnink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0501.990104","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni\u2014an emerging foodborne pathogen","volume":"5","author":"Altekruse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg313","article-title":"The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health","volume":"52","author":"Casewell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-848","article-title":"Genetic dissection of blood lipid traits by integrating genome-wide association study and gene expression profiling in a porcine model","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.May.23.1","article-title":"Effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis on proportion of bacteroidetes and firmicutes in swine intestine and lipid metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/aro2.51","article-title":"Tannic acid extracted from gallnut improves intestinal health with regulation of redox homeostasis and gut microbiota of weaned piglets","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Res. One Health"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05922","article-title":"Transfer of gut microbiota from lean and obese mice to antibiotic-treated mice","volume":"4","author":"Ellekilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.025","article-title":"Loss of MYO5B leads to reductions in Na+ absorption with maintenance of CFTR-Dependent Cl- Secretion in enterocytes","volume":"155","author":"Engevik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","article-title":"Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies","volume":"6","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.10.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection","volume":"12","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03034-3","article-title":"Interference of dietary polyphenols with potentially toxic amino acid metabolites derived from the colonic microbiota","volume":"54","author":"Gasaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071492","article-title":"Effects of feed contaminant deoxynivalenol on plasma cytokines and mRNA expression of immune genes in the intestine of broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002143","article-title":"Invited review: Tannins as a potential alternative to antibiotics to prevent coliform diarrhea in weaned pigs","volume":"14","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340487","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2340487","article-title":"Effects of Prevotella copri on insulin, gut microbiota and bile acids","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108742","article-title":"Humoral immune responses in piglets experimentally infected with a field strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"246","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047294","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1047294","article-title":"Forage quality and physiological performance of mowed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) subjected to combined light quality and drought","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.03.001","article-title":"Glutamine in suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced piglet intestinal inflammation: the crosstalk between AMPK activation and mitochondrial function","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01031-6","article-title":"Patterns of alteration in boar semen quality from 9 to 37 months old and improvement by protocatechuic acid","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101694","article-title":"Low serum alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with chronic liver diseases: possible contributions to disease pathogenesis","volume":"45","author":"Iluz-Freundlich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.08.004","article-title":"The relative expression of hepatocellular and cholestatic liver enzymes in adult patients with liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Iluz-Freundlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.992","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after oral administration in recently weaned piglets with experimentally induced Escherichia coli subtype O149: F4 diarrhea","volume":"65","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2339-0","article-title":"Crosstalk between trace elements and T-cell immunity during early-life health in pigs","volume":"66","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China. Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0591","article-title":"Blockade NF-kappa B activation prohibits TNF-alpha-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in ED27 trophoblast-like cells","volume":"22","author":"Kniss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12132","article-title":"Specific pathogen-free pig herds also free from Campylobacter?","volume":"62","author":"Kolstoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110000194","article-title":"Effect of gut active carbohydrates on plasma IgG concentrations in piglets and calves","volume":"4","author":"Lazarevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.04.013","article-title":"Effects of tannic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood hematology, iron status and faecal microflora in weanling pigs","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030638","article-title":"Evolution of the gut microbiota and its fermentation characteristics of ningxiang pigs at the young stage","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20190228","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20190228","article-title":"Mechanism of gut microbiota and axl\/SOCS3 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01286J","article-title":"Toxic effects of copper on the jejunum and Colon of pigs: mechanisms related to gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation influenced by the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050757","article-title":"Effects of hydrolysable tannins as zinc oxide substitutes on antioxidant status, immune function, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188587","article-title":"Comparison of porous and nano zinc oxide for replacing high-dose dietary regular zinc oxide in weaning piglets","volume":"12","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-004-0246-3","article-title":"Aquaporins in the digestive system","volume":"37","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Electron Microsc"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1399\/eps.2014.42","article-title":"Effects of tannin-rich sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.) wood extract supplementation on nutrient utilisation and excreta dry matter content in broiler chickens","volume":"78","author":"Rezar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-013-9583-9","article-title":"Protective effect of oral administration of transgenic tobacco seeds against verocytotoxic Escherichia coli strain in piglets","volume":"38","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03474-3","article-title":"Pilot study on CHCF1 genotype in a pig challenge model for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ab\/ac associated post-weaning diarrhea","volume":"18","author":"Rydal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E14-07-1194","article-title":"HIF-dependent regulation of claudin-1 is Central to intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity","volume":"26","author":"Saeedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9638-3","article-title":"Effects of pharmacological concentrations of dietary zinc oxide on growth of post-weaning pigs: a meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Sales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114712","article-title":"Protein-restricted diet balanced for lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan for nursery pigs elicits subsequent compensatory growth and has long term effects on protein metabolism and organ development","volume":"270","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B41","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effect of tannic acid on growth performance, nutrient utilization and related digestive enzyme activity of piglets","volume":"386","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Feed Res"},{"issue":"7684","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25019","article-title":"Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification","volume":"552","author":"Surana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey158","article-title":"Effects of tannic acid extract on performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens following coccidiosis vaccination and\/or a mixed-species Eimeria challenge","volume":"97","author":"Tonda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-018-0203-4","article-title":"Tight junction structure, function, and assessment in the critically ill: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Vermette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10122704","article-title":"Optimization of grinding process of sunflower meal for obtaining protein-enriched fractions","volume":"10","author":"Vidosavljevi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4328","article-title":"Technical note: effect of determining baseline plasma urea nitrogen concentrations on subsequent posttreatment plasma urea nitrogen concentrations in 20- to 50-kilogram pigs","volume":"89","author":"Waguespack","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921773","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.921773","article-title":"Linkages of various calcium sources on immune performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal barrier, and post-gut microbial structure and function in piglets","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.10.002","article-title":"Dihydroquercetin attenuated Prevotella copri-caused intestinal injury by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids in weaned piglets","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa112","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa112","article-title":"Effects of dietary microencapsulated tannic acid supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0276-7","article-title":"Advances in low-protein diets for swine","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01599","article-title":"Polyphenols from Lonicera caerulea L. Berry inhibit LPS-induced inflammation through dual modulation of inflammatory and antioxidant mediators","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.2741\/4658","article-title":"Establishment of a recombinant Escherichia coli-induced piglet diarrhea model","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.08.013","article-title":"Effects of protein sources and levels in antibiotic-free diets on diarrhea, intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junctions in weaned piglets","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13654","article-title":"Research progress on diarrhoea and its mechanism in weaned piglets fed a high-protein diet","volume":"106","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13654","article-title":"Research progress on diarrhoea and its mechanism in weaned piglets fed a high-protein diet","volume":"106","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010198","article-title":"Glutathione protects against Paraquat-induced oxidative stress by regulating intestinal barrier, antioxidant capacity, and CAR signaling pathway in weaned piglets","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13432","article-title":"Apical cytoskeletons and junctional complexes as a combined system in epithelial cell sheets","volume":"1405","author":"Yano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00046","article-title":"Characterization of AQPs in mouse, rat, and human colon and their selective regulation by bile acids","volume":"3","author":"Yde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1159\/000485782","article-title":"Lysine restriction affects feed intake and amino acid metabolism via gut microbiome in piglets","volume":"44","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00496-5","article-title":"Tannic acid prevents post-weaning diarrhea by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function in weaned piglets","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062077","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1062077","article-title":"Distribution of bacteria in different regions of the small intestine with Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil supplement in small-tailed han sheep","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055810","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3055810","article-title":"Protective effect of zinc oxide and its association with neutrophil degranulation in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.17221\/136\/2021-CJAS","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus zeae regulated the gut microbiome in piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01044A","article-title":"Dietary berberine supplementation improves growth performance and alleviates gut injury in weaned piglets by modulating ileal microbiota and metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026011713262128400_skaf342-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.03.030","article-title":"Rhein protects against barrier disruption and inhibits inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"71","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf342\/64539537\/skaf342.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf342\/64539537\/skaf342.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf342\/64539537\/skaf342.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T18:26:34Z","timestamp":1768674394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf342\/8277007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf342","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"article-number":"skaf342"}}