{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T23:53:51Z","timestamp":1765583631579,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":309,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Genome Canada, G\u00e9nome Qu\u00e9bec, Elanco Animal Health and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding the response to enzyme supplementation on body composition and nutrient balance creates the potential to increase nutrient utilization efficiency and, consequently, maximize growth performance in growing pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fungal lysozyme supplementation on body composition and nutrient balance in growing pigs. Seventy-two barrows [(40.6\u2009kg \u00b1 2.6; (Yorkshire \u00d7 Landrace \u2640) \u00d7 Duroc \u2642)] were used in this experiment. Pigs were distributed in a completely randomized design with 12 replicates within six treatments (0, 16, 32, 48, 64, and 80\u2009mg of lysozyme\/kg of diet). Pigs were group-housed in the same pen, and each pig was equipped with a transponder that enabled feeders to record individual feed intake and dispense feed according to the assigned treatment. Growth performance was evaluated through average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg\/d), average daily gain (ADG, kg\/d), gain-to-feed ratio (G: F, kg\/kg) over 21\u2009days. Body composition, nutrient balance and metabolic changes were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum sampling. At the end of the experiment, samples of the digesta in the jejunum and cecum, as well as tissue from the jejunum, cecum, and liver, were taken for microbiota analysis and gene expression, respectively. Differences among treatments were analyzed using polynomial contrasts, and adjusted means were obtained with R. Optimal inclusion level was determined by non-linear models\u2019 analysis. The ADFI decreased linearly (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.01), while the body weight (BW), ADG, and G: F increased linearly (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.01) as the level of lysozyme in the diet increased. Increased urea and protein deposition and nitrogen \u00adutilization efficiency were observed (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.05). Changes in the gut ecology included decreases in Gram-positive bacteria and inflammatory gene targets. The largest changes were observed in the cecum and were supported by gene expression in the liver. Based on the results of this experiment, the ideal lysozyme inclusion level for growing pigs is 60\u2009mg\/kg based on G: F, and 48\u2009mg\/kg based on ADG and evenness in jejunum digesta. Thus, dietary lysozyme supplementation improves pig growth performance, likely through immune response modulation initiated in the gastrointestinal tract due to minor changes in microbiota along with decreased expression of genes such as NF-kB1 and TLR2. This likely improved protein metabolism where increases in lysozyme supplementation enhanced nitrogen and amino acid utilization efficiency. Although the ideal dose for lysozyme supplementation will depend on the stage of production and the economic gain achieved from increasing enzyme supplementation, the results of this study support fungal lysozyme supplementation in growing pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T06:56:38Z","timestamp":1762671398000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of dietary fungal lysozyme levels on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical profile, and microbiota interaction in growing pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8209-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e M","family":"Petri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre , Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre , Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agronomy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ronholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H9X 3V9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, Centre for Animal Nutrition and Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna 1210,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health , Des Moines, Iowa, 50317,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6205-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Andretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agronomy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candido","family":"Pomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre , Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Remus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre , Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025121218515715300_skaf388-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115003067","article-title":"Precision feeding can significantly reduce lysine intake and nitrogen excretion without compromising the performance of growing pigs","volume":"10","author":"Andretta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025121218515715300_skaf388-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7643","article-title":"The impact of feeding growing\u2013finishing pigs with daily tailored diets using precision feeding techniques on animal performance, nutrient utilization, and body and carcass composition","volume":"92","author":"Andretta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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