{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T05:56:47Z","timestamp":1764223007050,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":315,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An 18-d experiment tested the hypothesis that using calcium formate (Ca-formate) instead of limestone in piglet diets, lowers the dietary buffering capacity, reduces stomach pH, and improves phytase efficiency. At weaning (29.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.10 d), 60 boars (body weight 8.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31\u2009kg) housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 experimental diets and 2 weaning rounds. Diets were formulated following a 5\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial design with 5 dietary treatments (Trt) and 2 main Ca sources (limestone or Ca-formate). The 5 Trt included a positive control diet [PC; 0.76% Ca, 0.34% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P] and 4 negative control diets (NC; 0.56% Ca, 0.21% STTD P) supplemented with phytase at 0, 750, 1,500, and 3,000 FYT\/kg. At day 10, piglets were individually housed to allow fecal and urine sample collection. On days 0, 7, and 18, blood samples were collected. At day 18, samples of gastrointestinal content and the metacarpus were collected, and apparent jejunal, ileal, and total tract digestibility (AJD, AID, and ATTD) of Ca and P was calculated. Digestibility and blood data were analyzed as a 2-way and 3-way interaction, respectively. Phytase dose-response regressions for ATTD Ca and P concentrations were performed per Ca source. Regardless of Trt, Ca source did not affect stomach pH, but Ca-formate diets had greater AID and ATTD of Ca (+5.7% and 3.6%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) and lower AID and ATTD of P (\u22123.2% and 2.4%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) than limestone diets. Increasing phytase levels increased the ATTD and AID of Ca and P (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). An interaction between Trt and Ca source was observed for AJD of P (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). There was no effect of Ca source, except at 750 FYT, where the Ca-formate diet had lower AJD of P than the limestone diet. Based on the dose-response analyses, to reach a dietary ATTD P of 3.84\u2009g\/kg, 1,232 and 1,944 FYT are needed in the limestone and Ca-formate diets, respectively. Compared with the NC, increasing levels of phytase and the PC diet increased serum P (mg\/L) and P retention (%), phytase inclusion increased plasma inositol (\u00b5mol), but only the PC diet increased bone ash (g\/kg; Trt main effect; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). In conclusion, replacing limestone with Ca-formate does not lower stomach pH, increases Ca but reduces P digestibility, and decreases phytase efficiency, likely due to greater Ca solubility, which induces the formation of insoluble Ca-P-phytate complexes. This highlights the importance of considering a digestible Ca system in piglet diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:55:38Z","timestamp":1762865738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of primary calcium source on phytase efficiency in weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research , 8200 AM Lelystad,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dsm-firmenich Nutritional Products (UK) Ltd , Heanor, Derbyshire,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengxiao","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dsm-firmenich Animal Nutrition Research Center , Bazhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Molist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research , 8200 AM Lelystad,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liz Vanessa","family":"Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schothorst Feed Research , 8200 AM Lelystad,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114517001751","article-title":"Serum and tissue 25-OH vitamin D3 concentrations do not predict bone abnormalities and molecular markers of vitamin D metabolism in the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model","volume":"118","author":"Amundson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"year":"2003","author":"ASAE","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B2"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.021","article-title":"A method for determination of the acidifying value of organic acids used in pigs diets in the acid binding capacity at pH 4 (ABC-4) system","volume":"216","author":"Batonon-Alavo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53943","article-title":"Effects of formic acid and phytase supplementation on digestibility and use of phosphorus and zinc in growing pigs","volume":"90(Suppl_4)","author":"Blank","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B5","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Swine nutrition","author":"Crenshaw","year":"2001","edition":"2nd"},{"volume-title":"Protocol for faecal digestibility trial with intact growing pigs","year":"2005","author":"CVB","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B6"},{"year":"2021","author":"CVB","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B7"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.843627x","article-title":"Estimation of true phosphorus digestibility and endogenous phosphorus loss in growing pigs fed conventional and low-phytate soybean meals","volume":"84","author":"Dilger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"year":"2024","author":"EN-ISO-30024","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B9"},{"issue":"29","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.09.015","article-title":"Quantitative determination of free glycerol and myo-inositol from plasma and tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"877","author":"Frieler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0444","article-title":"Requirement for digestible calcium by eleven- to twenty-five\u2013kilogram pigs as determined by growth performance, bone ash concentration, calcium and phosphorus balances, and expression of genes involved in transport of calcium in intestinal and kidney cells","volume":"94","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.r.01","article-title":"Invited review: calcium digestibility and metabolism in pigs","volume":"27","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Vega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2014.892249","article-title":"The site of net absorption of Ca from the intestinal tract of growing pigs and effect of phytic acid, Ca level and Ca source on Ca digestibility","volume":"68","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Vega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132159","article-title":"Effects of the inclusion of dietary bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on the performance and carcass characteristics of pigs: potential application in the feed chain","volume":"13","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals. (Basel)"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-836-0_4","volume-title":"Phytate Destruction\u2014Consequences for Precision Animal Nutrition","author":"Huber","year":"2016"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233597","article-title":"Effect of supplementing a Bacillus multi-strain probiotic to a post-weaning diet on nutrient utilisation and nitrogen retention of piglets","volume":"13","author":"Huting","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020402","article-title":"Using nutritional strategies to shape the Gastro-Intestinal tracts of suckling and weaned piglets","volume":"11","author":"Huting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals. (Basel)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(00)00179-2","article-title":"The effects of microbial phytase, organic acid and their interaction in diets for growing pigs","volume":"67","author":"Jongbloed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez423","article-title":"Modification of a limestone solubility method and potential to correlate with in vivo limestone calcium digestibility","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae227","article-title":"Effect of dietary calcium source, exogenous phytase, and formic acid on inositol phosphate degradation, mineral and amino acid digestibility, and microbiota in growing pigs","volume":"102","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.r.02","article-title":"Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets","volume":"27","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab333","article-title":"Increased microbial phytase increased phytate destruction, plasma inositol, and feed efficiency of weanling pigs, but reduced dietary calcium and phosphorus did not affect gastric pH or fecal score and reduced growth performance and bone ash","volume":"99","author":"Lagos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00953-x","article-title":"Amino acid and mineral digestibility, bone ash, and plasma inositol is increased by including microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs","volume":"14","author":"Lagos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txab115","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab115","article-title":"Reduced concentrations of limestone and monocalcium phosphate in diets without or with microbial phytase did not influence gastric pH, fecal score, or growth performance, but reduced bone ash and serum albumin in weanling pigs","volume":"5","author":"Lagos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky454","article-title":"Oven drying of ileal digesta from growing pigs reduces the concentration of AA compared with freeze drying and results in reduced calculated values for endogenous losses and elevated estimates for ileal digestibility of AA","volume":"97","author":"Lagos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-58-8-447","article-title":"Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets","volume":"58","author":"Lawlor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad328","article-title":"Digestibility of calcium in calcium-containing ingredients and requirements for digestible calcium by growing pigs","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1017\/s1751731112000560","article-title":"Meta-analysis of phosphorus utilization by growing pigs: effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium and exogenous phytase","volume":"6","author":"Letourneau-Montminy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.07.043","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of myo-inositol in urine, blood and nutritional supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"879","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993935.0061","volume-title":"Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition","author":"Maenz","year":"2001"},{"issue":"27","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01996","article-title":"Performance of seven commercial phytases in an in vitro simulation of poultry digestive tract","volume":"63","author":"Menezes-Blackburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz156","article-title":"Effects of super-dosing phytase and inositol on growth performance and blood metabolites of weaned pigs housed under commercial conditions","volume":"97","author":"Moran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of the contents of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc\u2014method using atomic absorption spectrometry","year":"2001","author":"NEN-EN-ISO-6869","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B33"},{"volume-title":"Cereals, cereals-based products and animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of crude fat and total fat content by the Randall extraction method","year":"2015","author":"NEN-EN-ISO-11085","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B34"},{"volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2014enzymatic determination of total starch content","year":"2005","author":"NEN-EN-ISO-15914","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B35"},{"volume-title":". Cereals, pulses, milled cereal products, oilseeds, oilseed residues, and animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of total nitrogen and crude protein contents by combustion according to the Dumas principle","year":"2004","author":"NEN-EN-ISO-16634","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B36"},{"volume-title":"General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories: NutriControl, Veghel, the Netherlands. Anal-10138","year":"2018","author":"NEN-EN-ISO\/IEC-17025","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B37"},{"volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of crude ash","year":"2003","author":"NEN-ISO-5984","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B38"},{"volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of phosphorus content\u2014spectrometric method","year":"1999","author":"NEN-ISO-6491","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B39"},{"volume-title":"Animal feeding stuffs\u2014determination of moisture and other volatile matter content","year":"1999","author":"NEN-ISO-6496","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B40"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8171806x","article-title":"The effect of supplementing microbial phytase and organic acids to a corn-soybean based diet fed to early-weaned pigs","volume":"81","author":"Omogbenigun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.07.007","article-title":"Dependence of the hindgut disappearance of phosphorus in pigs on the quantity of phosphorus entering the hindgut based on a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(95)00916-7","article-title":"Determination of titanium dioxide added as an inert marker in chicken digestibility studies","volume":"59","author":"Short","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txac104","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac104","article-title":"Evaluation of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients and complete diets commonly used for weanling pigs","volume":"6","author":"Stas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3522","article-title":"Concentration of dietary calcium supplied by calcium carbonate does not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of calcium, but decreases digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs","volume":"89","author":"Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.8.1358","article-title":"Influence of dietary calcium and phytase on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broiler chickens","volume":"83","author":"Tamim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28793-0","article-title":"Metabolomic profiles reveal potential factors that correlate with lactation performance in sow milk","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845936266.0094","volume-title":"Phosphorus and Calcium Utilization and Requirements in Farm Animals","author":"Veum","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02224","article-title":"Evaluation of a highly soluble calcium source and phytase in the diets of broiler chickens","volume":"91","author":"Walk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112700514511600_skaf396-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2016-0043","article-title":"Comparison of apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium sources for pigs","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf396\/65277468\/skaf396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf396\/65277468\/skaf396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf396\/65277468\/skaf396.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T05:51:54Z","timestamp":1764222714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf396\/8321928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf396","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-8812"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1525-3163"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"skaf396"}}