{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:09:20Z","timestamp":1784128160442,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ensuring cats consume sufficient water to maintain their health is a common concern for cat owners. Despite the connection between water intake and animal health, the optimal water intake levels for cats are poorly understood. The present scoping review aimed to determine the extent to which cat hydration research has been conducted, the reported average daily water intake of cats, and whether their water intake requirements have been identified. Online databases were used to identify papers published between 1975 and 2025, from which we selected 32 publications written in English that provided the water intake of cats as an outcome variable. Across an assessment of five groups of healthy domestic cats, 23 to 51\u2009mL\/kg BW of total water was consumed daily. A further eight papers reported that cats consumed 70 to 293\u2009mL of water daily. Urine specific gravity (USG) was the most reported physiological biomarker used to assess a cat\u2019s hydration status and is used to assist in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, adrenal insufficiency, hepatic disease, and congestive heart failure. USG was frequently measured in conjunction with urine pH, volume (or output), calcium oxalate, struvite, and\/or serum biochemistry and a complete blood count to evaluate gross kidney function. The water intake of cats was highly variable within and across studies. Still, it was influenced by factors such as diet format (wet or dry), dietary protein or amino acid content, salt, osmolytes, and water viscosity. The water intake of cats was not affected by fat content or water source type (static or flowing). Healthy cats that consumed 42 to 51\u2009mL\/kg BW of total water daily often had a USG &amp;lt;1.035, and this was achieved only when consuming a wet diet or a dry diet with supplemented nutrient-enriched water. Except for those supplemented with nutrient-enriched water, cats on a dry diet had lower TWI and higher USG, suggesting they may be at greater risk of developing feline lower urinary disease, including crystalluria and urolithiasis. Although the minimum water requirement before cats become at a greater risk of developing urinary or renal disease remains unknown, these results provide some evidence of the minimum water intake required for optimal hydration. If not consumed, these cats would likely benefit from a wet, semi-moist, or fresh (high-moisture) diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:09:15Z","timestamp":1765544955000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diet format, protein, amino acids, salt, and osmolytes, as well as water viscosity, affect water consumption in domestic cats: a scoping review of 32 publications (published from 1975 to 2025) on water intake, hydration status, and related health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Pauline A L","family":"Kosmal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2584-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K","family":"Shoveller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence E","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT 06269"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.151.1.110","article-title":"Urges to eat and drink in rats","volume":"151","author":"Adolph","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12368","article-title":"Plain water consumption in relation to energy intake and diet quality among US adults, 2005\u20132012","volume":"29","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1139\/y94-119","article-title":"Effects of essential amino acids on food and water intake of rats","volume":"72","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1982.tb02519.x","article-title":"Water balance in the dog and cat","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00466.x","article-title":"Gastric emptying in cats using foods varying in fiber content and kibble shapes","volume":"44","author":"Armbrust","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.142000","article-title":"Mild dehydration affects mood in healthy young women","volume":"142","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121928","article-title":"Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F2","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00614.2014","article-title":"Protein- and diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration: role of glucagon, vasopressin, and urea","volume":"309","author":"Bankir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/957570","article-title":"Case-control study of risk factors associated with feline and canine chronic kidney disease","volume":"2010","author":"Bartlett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061809","article-title":"Increasing dietary potassium chloride promotes urine dilution and decreases calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy dogs and cats","volume":"11","author":"Bijsmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(82)90194-3","article-title":"Nutritive values of three common prey items of the american kestrel","volume":"73","author":"Bird","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad281.296","article-title":"Predicting dry matter intake in beef cattle","volume":"101","author":"Blake","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211067931","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a prescription home-prepared diet and of zucchini on urine calcium oxalate supersaturation and urinary parameters in adult cats","volume":"24","author":"Blanchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2327","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa157","article-title":"Effect of arginine on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in individuals with and without vasopressin deficiency","volume":"105","author":"Bologna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(83)90044-6","article-title":"Water intake, pleasure and water temperature in humans","volume":"30","author":"Boulze","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001875","article-title":"Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat","volume":"106 Suppl 1","author":"Buckley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00211-6","article-title":"Feline colonic microbes and fatty acid transport: Effects of feeding cellulose, beet pulp and pectin\/gum arabic fibers","volume":"20","author":"Bueno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2005.26401","article-title":"Influence of water content and the digestibility of pet foods on the water balance of cats","volume":"42","author":"Carciofi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet Res. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114520","article-title":"L-histidine augments the response to 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin in brattleboro homozygous (di\/di) rats","volume":"85","author":"Charnogursky","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097862","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of dietary salt iitake in aged healthy cats: a 2-year prospective randomized, blinded, and controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Chetboul","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29490","article-title":"Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers","volume":"92","author":"Cheuvront","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B22","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Physiological mammalogy","author":"Chew","year":"1965","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5152\/erp.2025.24592","article-title":"Higher urine apecific gravity associated with higher fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance: a 10-year korean cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ERP"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1965.208.4.615","article-title":"Relationship between water and food ingestion in the rat","volume":"208","author":"Cizek","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:5<525::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Effects of diet on nutritional content of whole vertebrate prey","volume":"15","author":"Clum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Zoo Biol"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B26","first-page":"267","article-title":"Nutrient content of five species of domestic animals commonly fed to captive raptors","volume":"31","author":"Clum","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17710589","article-title":"Effect of a high phosphorus diet on indicators of renal health in cats","volume":"20","author":"Dobenecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090513","article-title":"High-fat diet changes the behavioural and hormonal responses to water deprivation in male Wistar rats","volume":"107","author":"Dos-Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03598.x","article-title":"Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995","volume":"39","author":"Elliott","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract"},{"issue":"34","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05393.x","article-title":"Effect of forage intake on bodyweight and performance","volume":"34","author":"Ellis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1702","article-title":"Urea-nitrogen production and salvage are modulated by protein intake in fed humans: results of an oral stable-isotope-tracer protocol and compartmental modeling","volume":"87","author":"Fouillet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13259","article-title":"Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses","volume":"53","author":"Freeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1888-6","article-title":"The effects of water temperature on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men","volume":"59","author":"Fujihira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.1355","article-title":"Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry cat food","volume":"63","author":"Funaba","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13374","article-title":"Effects of crude protein and sodium intake on water turnover in cats fed extruded diets","volume":"105 Suppl 2","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Nutr"},{"issue":"52","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514842112","article-title":"Dogs lap using acceleration-driven open pumping","volume":"112","author":"Gart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.04.388","article-title":"Scintigraphic assessment of gastric emptying of canned and dry diets in healthy cats","volume":"59","author":"Goggin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.10.008","article-title":"Effect of water source on intake and urine concentration in healthy cats","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100750","article-title":"Influence of sodium intake and change in sodium intake on plasma-renin in man","volume":"33","author":"Graudal","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B40","author":"Grauer","year":"2017","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.3.320","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals","volume":"244","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(96)04591-7","article-title":"Effect of methylcellulose on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions","volume":"140","author":"Gullapalli","year":"1996","journal-title":"IInt. J. Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072110","article-title":"Increased water viscosity enhances water intake and reduces risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in cats","volume":"11","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.44.29","article-title":"Dietary protein levels affect water intake and urinary excretion of magnesium and phosphorus in laboratory cats","volume":"44","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.45.63","article-title":"Effect of chronic high protein intake on magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus balance in growing cats","volume":"45","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Anim"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2128S","article-title":"Dietary sodium promotes increased water intake and urine volume in cats","volume":"134","author":"Hawthorne","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12776","article-title":"Effects of dietary selenium and moisture on the physical activity and thyroid axis of cats","volume":"102","author":"Hooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B48","first-page":"868","article-title":"Voluntary dehydration and alliesthesia for water","volume":"57","author":"Hubbard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/pets2020020","article-title":"Pet feeding practices: a survey of dog and cat poners\u2019 current feeding practices, attitudes, and motivations within the UK","volume":"2","author":"Hunter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pets"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/003655901753224387","article-title":"Chemolysis of struvite stones by acidification of artificial urine","volume":"35","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90120-0","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein on food and water intake in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.05.004","article-title":"Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(75)80037-0","article-title":"Availability and caloric density of the diet as determinants of meal patterns in cats","volume":"15","author":"Kanarek","year":"1975","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B54","first-page":"89","article-title":"Diurnal feeding and drinking patterns of adult cats as affected by changes in the level of fat in the diet","volume":"9","author":"Kane","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(81)80053-X","article-title":"Feeding behaviour of the cat fed laboratory and commercial diets","volume":"1","author":"Kane","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/60.2.221","article-title":"Influence of diet composition on caloric requirements, water intake and organ weights of rats during restricted food intake","volume":"60","author":"Kaunitz","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0118-1","article-title":"Urinary phosphorus excretion per creatinine clearance as a prognostic marker for progression of chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa050","article-title":"Temperature is sufficient to condition a flavor preference for a cold-paired solution in rats","volume":"45","author":"Kay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211017461","article-title":"Feline ureteral obstruction: a case-control study of risk factors (2016\u20132019)","volume":"24","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.207.11.1429","article-title":"Evaluation of factors associated with development of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats","volume":"207","author":"Kirk","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B61","first-page":"606","article-title":"Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Klauser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00342.x","article-title":"Urea transport in the kidney","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.01.008","article-title":"Relationship between water intake, dry matter intake and daily milk yield on a German research farm","volume":"115","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.5.687","article-title":"Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia","volume":"232","author":"Laflamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1228","article-title":"Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats","volume":"219","author":"Lekcharoensuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1978.172.05.559","article-title":"Effect of various mineral concentrations on the occurance of feline urolithiasis","volume":"172","author":"Lewis","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.17221\/170\/2016-VETMED","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats","volume":"62","author":"Lew-Kojrys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31826052c7","article-title":"The acute effects of fluid intake on urine specific gravity and fluid retention in a mildly dehydrated state","volume":"27","author":"Logan-Sprenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 34246 (Canobios-BL) var. boulardii supplementation on nutritional status and fecal parameters in healthy breeding adult cats","volume":"12","author":"Lonigro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02567.x","article-title":"Dietary NaCl does not affect blood pressure in healthy cats","volume":"18","author":"Luckschander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0926","article-title":"Water intake and dry matter intake changes as a feeding management tool and indicator of health and estrus status in dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"Lukas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.09.1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13511446","article-title":"Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0631617","article-title":"The roles of protein level and diet form in water consumption and abdominal fat pad deposition of broilers","volume":"63","author":"Marks","year":"1984","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.03.361","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of commercially available urinary acidification diets in the management of idiopathic cystitis in cats","volume":"214","author":"Markwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2753S","article-title":"The effect of diet on lower urinary tract diseases in cats","volume":"128","author":"Markwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.01.011","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein intake on indexes of hydration","volume":"106","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.001","article-title":"Hydroxyproline and starch consumption and urinary supersaturation with calcium oxalate in cats","volume":"246","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-159-40364","article-title":"Blood pressure responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal man","volume":"159","author":"Murray","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00292","article-title":"A randomized cross-over field study of pre-hydration strategies in dogs tracking in hot environments","volume":"7","author":"Niedermeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1021\/js960279a","article-title":"Studies on the interaction between water and (hydroxypropyl) methylcellulose","volume":"86","author":"Nokhodchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15241","article-title":"Patient participation in urine specific gravity screening for arginine vasopressin deficiency in an inpatient neurosurgical clinic","volume":"103","author":"Nollen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B83","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"NRC","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231209894","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231209894","article-title":"How and why pet cats are fed the way they are: a self-reported owner survey","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Halloran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14536176","article-title":"Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2010.01.001","article-title":"Comparison of feline water consumption between still and flowing water sources: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Pachel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.5.1334","article-title":"Increasing phosphorus intake reduces urinary concentrations of magnesium and calcium in adult ovariectomized cats fed purified diets","volume":"125","author":"Pastoor","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Voluntary acceptance of nutrient-enriched water supplement and promotion of water intake in clinically dehydrated cats","volume":"11","author":"Peralta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(95)00070-4","article-title":"The influence of protein intake on water balance, flow rate and apparent digestibilty of nutrients at the distal ileum in growing pigs","volume":"44","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-70542013000400010","article-title":"Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats","volume":"37","author":"Pires","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Agrotec"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56968-w","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Piyarungsri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002285","article-title":"Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats","volume":"106 Suppl 1","author":"Plantinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00011","article-title":"Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration","volume":"33","author":"Popowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.2307\/3809602","article-title":"Nutrient and energy assimilation of prey by bobcats","volume":"53","author":"Powers","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag"},{"issue":"6008","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B95","first-page":"1231","article-title":"How cats lap: Water uptake by Felis catus","volume":"330","author":"Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science. (1979)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14541263","article-title":"Factors affecting urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats presenting to first opinion practice for routine evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Rishniw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18803753","article-title":"Quantified water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and circulating water bowls, and its effects on selected urinary parameters","volume":"21","author":"Robbins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X241256469","article-title":"Age-related trends in urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats","volume":"26","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(89)50026-3","article-title":"General principles of fluid therapy in small animal medicine","volume":"19","author":"Schaer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1979.40.02.183","article-title":"Body water content and turnover in cats fed dry and canned rations","volume":"40","author":"Seefeldt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-690","article-title":"Effect of diet composition on water consumption in growing pigs","volume":"84","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021607","article-title":"The ionic dependence of the histamine-induced depolarization of vasopressin neurones in the rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"495","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B103","first-page":"389","article-title":"Evaluation of sodium bisulphate and phosphoric acid as uine acidifiers for cats","volume":"57","author":"Spears","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Tierernahr"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B104","first-page":"279","article-title":"The relation between water intake and food intake in normal rats and in rats with hypothalamic hyperphagia","volume":"19","author":"Strominger","year":"1947","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B105","first-page":"1","author":"Sydenham","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-47","article-title":"An amino acid-electrolyte beverage may increase cellular rehydration relative to carbohydrate-electrolyte and flavored water beverages","volume":"13","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.30704\/http-www-jivs-net.1278513","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of water temperature on water consumption of cats","volume":"7","author":"Tatlia\u011fiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. \u0130stanbul Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2017.9","article-title":"The effect of changing the moisture levels of dry extruded and wet canned diets on physical activity in cats","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01077.x","article-title":"Water intake in domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) from open dishes and nipple drinkers under different water and feeding regimes: Water intake in rabbits","volume":"95","author":"Tschudin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112910","article-title":"High-fat diet al.ers fluid intake without reducing sensitivity to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist effects","volume":"221","author":"Volcko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00613.x","article-title":"Influence of the feed base excess on urine parameters in cats","volume":"90","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab036","article-title":"Water intake and progression of chronic kidney disease: the CKD-REIN cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.01.003","article-title":"Method agreement analysis: a review of correct methodology","volume":"73","author":"Watson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10311013","article-title":"Urea and ammonia metabolism and the control of renal nitrogen excretion","volume":"10","author":"Weiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(84)50053-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of naturally occurring feline urologic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Willeberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00317","article-title":"Total water intake and urine measures of hydration in adult dogs drinking tap water or a nutrient-enriched water","volume":"5","author":"Zanghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.7.733","article-title":"Effects of a nutrient-enriched water on water intake and indices of hydration in healthy domestic cats fed a dry kibble diet","volume":"79","author":"Zanghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026021119115625600_skaf434-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.11.1150","article-title":"Effects of a nutrient-enriched water with and without poultry flavoring on water intake, urine specific gravity, and urine output in healthy domestic cats fed a dry kibble diet","volume":"79","author":"Zanghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf434\/65877877\/skaf434.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf434\/65877877\/skaf434.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf434\/65877877\/skaf434.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:12:18Z","timestamp":1770855138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf434\/8379605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":119,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf434","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"article-number":"skaf434"}}