{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T16:35:16Z","timestamp":1769445316882,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Critical Agricultural Research","award":["2022-68008-37102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-68008-37102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers are becoming an increasingly important source of feeder cattle within the U.S. beef supply chain. However, there has been minimal investigation into greenhouse gas emissions [GHG; kg carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e)] or carbon footprint [kg CO2e\/kg hot carcass weight (HCW); C footprint] from beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers in the U.S. Furthermore, how beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers compare with beef steers subjected to different growing systems (calf-fed vs. stocker) is not well explored. The objective of this analysis was to compare the C footprint of beef \u00d7 dairy and beef steers, with or without a stocker phase, from growing through finish. International Panel on Climate Change tier 2 methodology was employed using previously published performance data. Beef and beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers were either grown in a season-long stocker system where they grazed mixed-grass prairie prior to finishing (yearling-fed) or were grown in the feedlot (calf-fed). Cattle grown in a stocker system had 4.6% and 11.3% greater C footprint than calf-fed steers for beef \u00d7 dairy and beef steers, respectively. This increase was due to greater emissions arising during grazing compared with confined feeding systems. Furthermore, beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers had 11.7% greater C footprint when calf-fed and 3.8% greater C footprint when yearling-fed compared with beef steers. These results suggest that direct emissions arising from growing cattle through finish are greater from beef \u00d7 dairy sourced steers than beef. However, considering the known importance of dam emissions to overall C footprint, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine how this impacts the final emission estimate. When dam emissions are allocated to these C footprints, beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers will have a considerably lower predicted C footprint compared with beef steers, as only a fraction of dairy dam\u2019s GHG emissions will be allocated to beef production. Future research is needed which expands system boundaries to more aptly compare the C footprint of beef produced from beef and beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:05:11Z","timestamp":1765976711000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The carbon footprint of beef and beef \u00d7 dairy crossbred steers under different growing regimens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt R","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77845"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan R","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6494-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txac025","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac025","article-title":"Board invited review: crossbreeding beef \u00d7 dairy cattle for the modern beef production system","volume":"6","author":"Basiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546581","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.546581","article-title":"Animal design through functional dietary diversity for future productive landscapes","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Beck","year":"2025","DOI":"10.17632\/rn6g436yx2.2"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114210","article-title":"Fat supplements differing in physical form improve performance but divergently influence methane emissions of grazing beef cattle","volume":"254","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5873","article-title":"2011 and 2012 early careers achievement awards: improving the production, environmental, and economic efficiency of the stocker cattle industry in the southeastern United States","volume":"91","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19519","article-title":"Invited review: beef-on-dairy\u2014the generation of crossbred beef \u00d7 dairy cattle","volume":"104","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2013.63.4.6","article-title":"Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from crop production using the farm energy analysis tool","volume":"63","author":"Camargo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1065\/lca2003.07.126","article-title":"System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production","volume":"8","author":"Cederberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. LCA"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa110","article-title":"Effects of steam flaking on the carbon footprint of finishing beef cattle","volume":"4(Suppl 1)","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2021-02199","article-title":"Effects of changes in finishing diets and growth technologies on animal growth performance and the carbon footprint of cattle feeding: 1990 to 2020","volume":"38","author":"Crawford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111551","article-title":"Economic research on ethanol feed-use coproducts: a review, synthesis, and path forward","volume":"14","author":"Dennis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B12","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Climate change 2022: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","author":"Dhakal,","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B13","volume-title":"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2022","author":"EPA","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2024-02664","article-title":"Predicting methane emissions from feedlot cattle and application of prediction equations to a synthetic feedlot steer population","volume":"41","author":"Galyean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txx009","article-title":"Measuring the respiratory gas exchange by grazing cattle using an automated, open-circuit gas quantification system","volume":"2","author":"Gunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B16","author":"Gross","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txaf118","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaf118","article-title":"A commercial scale evaluation of the effects of post-weaning management system of dairy \u00d7 beef hybrid steers compared to native beef steers on performance, carcass characteristics and net returns","volume":"9","author":"Grote","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2014.01.005","article-title":"Feeding high concentrations of corn dried distillers\u2019 grains decreases methane, but increases nitrous oxide emissions from beef cattle production","volume":"127","author":"H\u00fcnerberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Syst"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B19","volume-title":"Bulletin 445\/2010. International Dairy Federation","author":"IDF","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B20","volume-title":"2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories","author":"IPCC","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896","author":"IPCC","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B22","first-page":"953","volume-title":"3rd int. Methane and nitrous oxide mitigation conference","author":"Johnson, D. E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2023.103748","article-title":"Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in pasture-based dairy-beef production systems","volume":"211","author":"Kearney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Syst"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2024.105531","article-title":"Bioeconomic and sustainability performance of dairy-beef steer and heifer production systems differing in stocking rate","volume":"287","author":"Kearney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B25","volume-title":"Quantifying greenhouse gas fluxes in agriculture and forestry: methods for entity-scale inventory. Technical bulletin number 1939","author":"Leytem","year":"2024","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.03.007","article-title":"An economic and greenhouse gas emissions evaluation of pasture-based dairy calf-to-beef production systems","volume":"154","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1017\/s1751731118000034","article-title":"Performance, profitability and greenhouse gas emissions of alternative finishing strategies for Holstein-Friesian bulls and steers","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab192","article-title":"Beef production from cull dairy cows: a review from culling to consumption","volume":"99","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B29","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th ed","author":"NASEM","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B30","author":"National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB)","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(03)00032-X","article-title":"Beef cattle growing and backgrounding programs","volume":"19","author":"Peel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skae167","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae167","article-title":"Utilizing gas flux from automated head chamber systems to estimate dietary energy values for beef cattle fed a finishing diet","volume":"102","author":"Proctor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2024.01.001","article-title":"Snapshot of enteric methane emissions from stocker cattle grazing extensive semiarid rangelands","volume":"93","author":"Raynor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2018.11.005","article-title":"Environmental footprints of beef cattle production in the United States","volume":"169","author":"Rotz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2162","article-title":"The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment","volume":"93","author":"Rotz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128153","article-title":"Environmental assessment of United States dairy farms","volume":"315","author":"Rotz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2011-4653","article-title":"Carbon footprint and ammonia emissions of California beef production systems","volume":"90","author":"Stackhouse-Lawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2018.02.003","article-title":"Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems","volume":"162","author":"Stanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Syst"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2012.08.012","article-title":"A biophysical approach to allocation of life cycle environmental burdens for fluid milk supply chain analysis","volume":"31","author":"Thoma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B41","volume-title":"Beef cow-calf management practices in the United States","author":"USDA-NAHMS","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026012601064829100_skaf446-B42","volume-title":"Press release","author":"USDA-NASS","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf446\/66002473\/skaf446.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf446\/66002473\/skaf446.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf446\/66002473\/skaf446.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T06:06:58Z","timestamp":1769407618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf446\/8383447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"article-number":"skaf446"}}