{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:38:16Z","timestamp":1768228696347,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agria\/SKK Research Fund","award":["P2020-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2020-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inclusion of whole grains in the diet of humans has been shown to improve the postprandial metabolic response and is considered to promote health and prevent certain diseases. Less is known about effects of different whole grains on the metabolic response in dogs. The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the metabolic and hormonal response in dogs fed extruded diets containing whole grains from rye, oat or wheat, three commonly grown cereals in the Nordic countries. The study was performed in a cross-over design using 18 healthy adult privately-owned dogs. Three extruded experimental diets were produced containing whole grain flour of either rye (RYE), wheat (WHE) or ground rolled oats (OAT) at 25% inclusion level. The diets were nutritionally complete and comparable in terms of protein and metabolizable energy content. Each diet was fed for 4 wk, with blood sampling on the last day of each period (fasting sample followed by post-prandial samples at 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, and 240\u2009min). The resulting number of repetitions per diet was: WHE: n\u2009=\u200916, OAT: n\u2009=\u200917, RYE: n\u2009=\u200917. The blood samples were analyzed to determine glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol concentrations. There were no main effects of diet on postprandial blood response curves and no effect of interaction of diet and time for any of the variables analyzed. Evaluation of area under the curve (AUC) showed higher total concentration following the OAT than WHE diet for glucose (P\u2009=\u20090.035), GLP-1 (P\u2009=\u20090.006) as well as TAG (P\u2009=\u20090.025). Fasting insulin concentration was higher following RYE compared with both other diets (P\u2009=\u20090.005), but there were no differences in insulin AUC between the diets. In the early postprandial phase (0\u2013120\u2009min), there was an overall effect of diet on the ratio of insulin to GLP-1 (P\u2009=\u20090.042). Post hoc test was not significant, but the WHE diet resulted in a numerically higher value than the other two diets. In conclusion, the postprandial response curves were in general similar between the diets and imply that, in dogs, whole rye or oats may not be more beneficial than whole wheat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:05:09Z","timestamp":1765976709000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic and hormonal effects of whole grains of rye, oats and wheat in dog food"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6568-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Palmqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ringmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Dicksved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torbj\u00f6rn","family":"Lundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"H\u00f6glund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07, Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.03.002","article-title":"Postprandial impairment of flow-mediated dilation and elevated methylglyoxal after simple but not complex carbohydrate consumption in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Adolphe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001952","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic inulin-type fructans on blood metabolite and hormone concentrations and faecal microbiota and metabolites in overweight dogs","volume":"120","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2716","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2716","article-title":"Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"353","author":"Aune","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.276","article-title":"Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model","volume":"131","author":"Bednar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602240","article-title":"Changes in serum lipids and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations after consumption of beverages with beta-glucans from oats or barley: a randomised dose-controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Bi\u00f6rklund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114508149194","article-title":"The effects of dietary fibre type on satiety-related hormones and voluntary food intake in dogs","volume":"102","author":"Bosch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x","article-title":"Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post-prandial glucose and insulin response","volume":"92","author":"Carciofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2054","article-title":"Secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated metabolism of incretin hormones after a mixed meal or glucose ingestion in obese compared to lean, nondiabetic men","volume":"95","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913","article-title":"Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults","volume":"64","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513000020","article-title":"Dietary fibre fermentability but not viscosity elicited the \u2018second-meal effect\u2019 in healthy adult dogs","volume":"110","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90014-X","article-title":"The effect of dietary changes on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of six labrador retrievers","volume":"63","author":"Downs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.07.032","article-title":"A diet lower in digestible carbohydrate results in lower postprandial glucose concentrations compared with a traditional canine diabetes diet and an adult maintenance diet in healthy dogs","volume":"93","author":"Elliott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B14","volume-title":"Hypo-\/hyperglycemia, textbook of veterinary internal medicine No. 1","author":"Ettinger","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B15","author":"FEDIAF","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201133","article-title":"Oat beta-glucan as a dietary supplement for dogs","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B17","volume-title":"Metabolic regulation: a human perspective","author":"Frayn","year":"2010","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18503","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v57i0.18503","article-title":"Whole grain foods and health\u2014a Scandinavian perspective","volume":"57","author":"Fr\u00f8lich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.236","article-title":"Effects of concentrated arabinoxylan and beta-glucan compared with refined wheat and whole grain rye on glucose and appetite in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized study","volume":"68","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00326.x","article-title":"The effect of a commercial high-fibre diet and an iso-malto-oligosaccharide-supplemented diet on post-prandial glucose concentrations in dogs","volume":"85","author":"Hesta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.109165","article-title":"Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"102","author":"Holl\u00e6nder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2006","article-title":"The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"87","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.122721","article-title":"Dietary oat beta-glucan reduces peak net glucose flux and insulin production and modulates plasma incretin in portal-vein catheterized grower pigs","volume":"140","author":"Hooda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.5.957","article-title":"Structural differences between rye and wheat breads but not total fiber content may explain the lower postprandial insulin response to rye bread","volume":"78","author":"Juntunen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfae017","article-title":"The role of carbohydrates in canine and feline nutrition","volume":"14","author":"Kayser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Front"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2137\/1239099041838067","article-title":"Composition, digestibility and nutritive value of cereals for dogs","volume":"13","author":"Kempe","year":"2008","journal-title":"AFSci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03902","article-title":"Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets","volume":"93","author":"Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121266","article-title":"Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health","volume":"2","author":"Lattimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600716","article-title":"Rye bread decreases postprandial insulin response but does not alter glucose response in healthy finnish subjects","volume":"53","author":"Leinonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2938","article-title":"Dietary macronutrients and feeding frequency affect fasting and postprandial concentrations of hormones involved in appetite regulation in adult dogs","volume":"88","author":"Lubbs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070769","article-title":"Whole grain intake and glycaemic control in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Marventano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.10.1786","article-title":"Fermentable dietary fiber increases GLP-1 secretion and improves glucose homeostasis despite increased intestinal glucose transport capacity in healthy dogs","volume":"128","author":"Massimino","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.021","article-title":"Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: an evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber","volume":"117","author":"McRorie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B37","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"National Research Council","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37975-4","article-title":"Effects of whole-grain cereals on fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in dogs: a comparison of rye, oats and wheat","volume":"13","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03623-2","article-title":"Effects of rye inclusion in dog food on fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"19","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"Percie Du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2559","article-title":"The effect on glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, total and acyl-ghrelin of dietary fats ingested with and without potato","volume":"95","author":"Radulescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa241","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa241","article-title":"Glycemic response in nonracing sled dogs fed single starch ingredients and commercial extruded dog foods with different carbohydrate sources","volume":"98","author":"Rankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B43","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Core Team","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-8-42","article-title":"Endosperm and whole grain rye breads are characterized by low post-prandial insulin response and a beneficial blood glucose profile","volume":"8","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. J"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2017838","article-title":"Whole grain intake, compared to refined grain, improves postprandial glycemia and insulinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Sanders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13830","article-title":"Metabolic and hormonal response to a feed-challenge test in lean and overweight dogs","volume":"30","author":"S\u00f6der","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003715","article-title":"Products deriving from microbial fermentation are linked to insulinaemic response in pigs fed breads prepared from whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients","volume":"105","author":"Theil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7723","DOI":"10.1021\/jf904553u","article-title":"Processing affects the physicochemical properties of beta-glucan in oat bran cereal","volume":"58","author":"Tosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1094\/Cchem-85-2-0211","article-title":"Glycemic response to oat bran muffins treated to vary molecular weight of beta-glucan","volume":"85","author":"Tosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011206202006400_skaf447-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab080","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab080","article-title":"Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets","volume":"99","author":"Traughber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf447\/66002475\/skaf447.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf447\/66002475\/skaf447.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf447\/66002475\/skaf447.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:30:46Z","timestamp":1768217446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf447\/8383448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"article-number":"skaf447"}}