{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:03:31Z","timestamp":1788307411821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":161,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Alliance and Petcurean Pet Nutrition","award":["561103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["561103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evaluation of dietary energy content in extruded pet food is based on digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), which accounts for fecal and urinary energy losses, respectively. However, the losses occurring through heat increment of feeding (HIF) and the resulting net energy (NE) have not been estimated in diets where crude protein (CP) content is higher for obligate carnivores such as cats. This study aimed to measure NE in diets increasing in CP in exchange for nitrogen free extract (NFE). Two experimental diets containing 23% CP (23CP) and 41% CP (41CP) dry matter (DM) were formulated with the inclusion of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker to estimate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE). These were subsequently mixed to form four additional diets of intermediate CP content (25CP; 26CP; 29CP; 36CP). Adult, male cats (n\u2009=\u200912) were assigned treatments in 12 \u00d7 6 Latin rectangle design and fed treatments for 14\u2009d where daily intake was recorded. Accelerometers were placed on day 11 to track physical activity and on day 13 cats were placed in calorimetry chambers for 24\u2009h collection of excreta and measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). Respiratory gases were then used to calculate energy expenditure (EE), total EE (TEE), respiratory quotient (RQ) and HIF. Dose response to CP was analyzed using direct fit for linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials with lack of fit inclusion. Interestingly, while ME intake was similar among treatments using Atwater calculation (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05), ME intake estimated using National Research Council (NRC) equation linearly increased with higher CP content (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Fed EE (P\u2009=\u20090.01) and TEE (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) increased nonlinearly whereas fed RQ linearly decreased with greater CP inclusion (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Measures of HIF (in kcal\/100 g DM or kcal\/kg BW) did not differ among treatments (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Overall, GE (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), DE (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), ME (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and NE (P\u2009=\u20090.02) intake on feed intake basis (kcal\/100 g DM) were all linearly associated with %CP. These results indicate that NE of CP diets ranging from low to high was mostly affected by fecal and urinary energy losses. This study provides the first set of NE available for adult, male cat maintenance functions for diets altering in CP content, and offers insight on utilization of dietary protein as an energy source by carnivores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skag186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:50:49Z","timestamp":1781092249000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adult male cats consuming diets ranging in crude protein from 85% to 160% of AAFCO recommendations have different respiratory quotients, energy expenditure, gross, digestible, metabolizable, and net energy, but not physical activity, nitrogen losses, and heat increment of feeding"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3500-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjana F","family":"Anan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave J","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Trouw Nutrition Research and Development , Boxmeer 5830 AE,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Labussi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE\u2014UMR PEGASE , Saint-Gilles 35590,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2584-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K","family":"Shoveller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B1","volume-title":"Association of American feed control officials: official publication","author":"AAFCO","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B2043097","first-page":"903","author":"Adeola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swine nutrition no. 2"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.10215","article-title":"The global environmental paw print of pet food","volume":"65","author":"Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Environ Chang"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.12.1405","article-title":"Effect of caloric restriction and excessive caloric intake on energy expenditure","volume":"24","author":"Apfelbaum","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B4","first-page":"435","article-title":"Net energy values of feeding stuffs for cattle","volume":"3","author":"Armsby","year":"1915","journal-title":"J Agric Res"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4040054","article-title":"Digestibility is similar between commercial diets that provide ingredients with different perceived glycemic responses and the inaccuracy of using the modified Atwater calculation to calculate metabolizable energy","volume":"4","author":"Asaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky365","article-title":"Carbohydrate level and source have minimal effects on feline energy and macronutrient metabolism","volume":"96","author":"Asaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218173","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218173","article-title":"Modelling net energy of commercial cat diets","volume":"14","author":"Asaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1981.5161416x","article-title":"Manipulating metabolic parameters to improve growth rate and milk secretion","volume":"51","author":"Baldwin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.000533","article-title":"Nutritional energetics of animals","volume":"4","author":"Baldwin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B7756775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451200229223107522","article-title":"The metabolism of \"surplus\" amino acids","volume":"108","author":"Bender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.7.1094","article-title":"Nitrogen balance, plasma free amino acid concentrations and urinary orotic acid excretion during long-term fasting in cats","volume":"124","author":"Biourge","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B11","volume-title":"Energy metabolism in animals and man","author":"Blaxter","year":"1989","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B12","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Energy metabolism","author":"Brouwer","year":"1965"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223099","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223099","article-title":"Metabolisable energy content in canine and feline foods is best predicted by the NRC 2006 equation","volume":"14","author":"Calvez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415181","DOI":"10.1080\/27658511.2024.2415181","article-title":"A global assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus generated in the waste streams of domesticated cats and dogs","volume":"10","author":"Cowan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain Environ"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txaa104","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa104","article-title":"Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermetia illucens) fed to growing pigs","volume":"4","author":"Crosbie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0354","article-title":"Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin responses in cats","volume":"86","author":"de-Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-010-0528-0","article-title":"Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered","volume":"181","author":"Eisert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.2.628","article-title":"Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange","volume":"55","author":"Frayn","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1940S","article-title":"The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats","volume":"136","author":"German","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaf081","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf081","article-title":"Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients modulates respiratory quotients and heat increment of feeding but not energy expenditure in cats","volume":"103","author":"Godfrey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588330","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1588330","article-title":"Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients affects body composition, physical activity, and post-prandial hormone responses in lean and obese cats fed to maintain body weight","volume":"12","author":"Godfrey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2012.658332","article-title":"Development and validation of a behavioral acclimation protocol for cats to respiration chambers used for indirect calorimetry studies","volume":"15","author":"Gooding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12126","article-title":"Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and plasma metabolites in healthy cats","volume":"98","author":"Gooding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.60","article-title":"Dietary fat and carbohydrate have different effects on body weight, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and behaviour in adult cats fed to energy requirement","volume":"4","author":"Gooding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1053","article-title":"Cats are able to adapt protein oxidation to protein intake provided their requirement for dietary protein is met","volume":"138","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054405","article-title":"Using gross energy improves metabolizable energy predictive equations for pet foods whereas undigested protein and fiber content predict stool quality","volume":"8","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.44.23","article-title":"Characteristic relation between dietary metabolizable energy content and digestible energy content in laboratory cats","volume":"44","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.4.623","article-title":"Urinary excretion of endogenous nitrogen metabolites in adult domestic cats using a protein-free diet and the regression technique","volume":"127","author":"Hendriks","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(01)00196-X","article-title":"Importance of sulfate, cysteine and methionine as precursors to felinine synthesis by domestic cats (Felis catus)","volume":"129","author":"Hendriks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159103","article-title":"Mitigating environmental impacts using net energy system in feed formulation in China\u2019s pig production","volume":"856","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920129","article-title":"Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig","volume":"68","author":"Jagger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114525105850","article-title":"Macronutrient and energy metabolism changes in domestic cats when fed cornstarch, whey protein, and, poultry fat","volume":"135","author":"Jantzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.07.070187.001155","article-title":"Assessment of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man","volume":"7","author":"Jequier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104695","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1104695","article-title":"Predictive equations for dietary energy are improved when independently developed for dry and wet food which could benefit both the pet and the environment","volume":"10","author":"Jewell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(82)90041-0","article-title":"The net energy value of crude (catabolized) protein for growth in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Just","year":"1982","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(83)90076-3","article-title":"Maintenance requirement and the net energy value of different diets for growth in pigs","volume":"10","author":"Just","year":"1983","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1982.tb02515.x","article-title":"Factors affecting digestibility and in-vivo energy content of cat foods","volume":"23","author":"Kendall","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3266","article-title":"Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets","volume":"90","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-6615","article-title":"Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility of one-to three-day-old, adult ground, extruded, and canned chicken-based diets in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus)","volume":"92","author":"Kerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00311.x","article-title":"Calculation of gross energy in pet foods: new data on heat combustion and fibre analysis in a selection of foods for dogs and cats","volume":"85","author":"Kienzle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900007","article-title":"Thermic effect of food in man: effect of meal composition, and energy content","volume":"64","author":"Kinabo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00146","article-title":"Partitioning of heat production in growing pigs as a tool to improve the determination of efficiency of energy utilization","volume":"4","author":"Labussi\u00e8re","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B45","first-page":"13","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool","volume":"25","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00330.x","article-title":"Determining metabolizable energy content in commercial pet foods","volume":"85","author":"Laflamme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.5.687","article-title":"Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia","volume":"232","author":"Laflamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1139\/f86-003","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein and lipid on apparent heat increment of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri","volume":"43","author":"LeGrow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.4.608","article-title":"Estimation of energy expenditure, net carbohydrate utilization, and net fat oxidation and synthesis by indirect calorimetry: evaluation of errors with special reference to the detailed composition of fuels","volume":"47","author":"Livesey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1968.273793x","article-title":"A system for expressing net energy requirements and feed values for growing and finishing beef cattle","volume":"27","author":"Lofgreen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(72)85601-7","article-title":"Net energy value of feeds for lactation","volume":"55","author":"Moe","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.004","article-title":"Prediction equations for metabolizable and digestible energy in feline diets","volume":"228","author":"Montes de Oca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B54","author":"Myers","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0650307","article-title":"Thermic response to isoenergetic protein, carbohydrate or fat meals in lean and obese subjects","volume":"65","author":"Nair","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.722344x","article-title":"Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs","volume":"72","author":"Noblet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.015","article-title":"Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: a review","volume":"8","author":"Noblet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B59","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"NRC","year":"2006","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.2.181","article-title":"Effects of weight loss with a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet on body composition, voluntary physical activity, and fecal microbiota of obese cats","volume":"79","author":"Pallotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skac202","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac202","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between dietary choline and serum lipid profile, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient in overweight adult cats fed at maintenance energy requirements","volume":"100","author":"Rankovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198175","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1198175","article-title":"Dietary choline, but not L-carnitine, increases circulating lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, without affecting body composition, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient in lean and obese male cats during weight maintenance","volume":"10","author":"Rankovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.4.718","article-title":"Essentiality of amino acids for the growing kitten","volume":"109","author":"Rogers","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002735","article-title":"Whole-body protein turnover of a carnivore, Felis silvestris catus","volume":"89","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000259","article-title":"Energy efficiency of digestible protein, fat and carbohydrate utilisation for growth in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia","volume":"119","author":"Schrama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.48.1.f141vp5456339880","article-title":"Adaptation to low protein and energy intakes","volume":"48","author":"Scrimshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum Organ"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2026.101802","article-title":"Hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate improves apparent total tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows in a dose-dependent manner","volume":"20","author":"Seymour","year":"2026","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.11.009","article-title":"Prediction of net energy of feeds for broiler chickens","volume":"16","author":"Tay-Zar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(89)90050-6","article-title":"Coping with confinement\u2014features of the environment that influence animals\u2019 ability to adapt","volume":"22","author":"Tennessen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12298","article-title":"Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult cats","volume":"99","author":"Thes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1309","article-title":"Energetic efficiency of starch, protein and lipid utilization in growing pigs","volume":"131","author":"van Milgen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B72","first-page":"80","author":"Wainman","year":"1958"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01062.x","article-title":"Influence of a high-protein diet on energy balance in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food","volume":"95","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","author":"Weir","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.216275","article-title":"Amino acid oxidation increases with dietary protein content in adult neutered male cats as measured using [1-13C] leucine and [15N2] urea","volume":"145","author":"Wester","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.1.167","article-title":"The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals","volume":"43","author":"Wolever","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.044321","article-title":"Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"96","author":"Wycherley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083394","article-title":"Environmental impacts of a pet dog: an LCA case study","volume":"12","author":"Yavor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"2026063015323004500_skag186-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00503.x","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein quality on nitrogen balance and some blood parameters in cats","volume":"80","author":"Zentek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim Physiol Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag186\/68513761\/skag186.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag186\/68513761\/skag186.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag186\/68513761\/skag186.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1782901068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag186\/8706446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":77,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skag186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"skag186"}}