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The placenta is central to fetal development and maternal-fetal communication; its dysfunction leads to impaired fetal development. Numerous experimental FGR models exist, from rodents to large animals, but most studies, despite changes to some federal funding requirements, have historically overlooked the impact of fetal sex on placental development, function, and adaptation. Recent evidence indicates that male and female placentas employ distinct adaptive strategies in response to adverse intrauterine conditions, potentially contributing to observed sex differences in neonatal outcomes and adult disease risk. Male fetuses often prioritize growth, reducing resilience to environmental stress, while female fetuses exhibit more pronounced growth restriction but greater placental adaptability, such as altered expression of insulin-like growth factors, angiogenic regulators, and nutrient transporters. This review synthesizes data from human studies and animal models to highlight sex-specific placental adaptations to nutrient restriction, hypoxia, maternal hyperthermia, and other stressors. Understanding these differences is critical for both developing future interventions in humans and enhancing livestock productivity\/neonatal survival in agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skag210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:58:14Z","timestamp":1783684694000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-specific placental adaptations associated with fetal growth restriction: a review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9514-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia T","family":"Casarotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa M","family":"Holtzapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen N","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Research in Perinatal Outcomes, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081013163333900_skag210-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105030","article-title":"Effect of late gestational feed restriction and glucogenic precursor on behaviour and performance of Ghezel ewes and their offspring","volume":"231","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"2026081013163333900_skag210-B2","first-page":"183","article-title":"Ruminant models of prenatal growth restriction","volume":"61","author":"Anthony","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod Camb Engl Suppl"},{"key":"2026081013163333900_skag210-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233427","article-title":"Maternal undernutrition effect on pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration in sheep carrying single and multiple fetuses","volume":"14","author":"Barbato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026081013163333900_skag210-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021","article-title":"The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Barry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026081013163333900_skag210-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.67123289x","article-title":"Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: I. 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