{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:17:05Z","timestamp":1787962625634,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stillbirth is a critical indicator of production efficiency in the beef industry and leads to substantial economic losses. Although the Japanese Black is a premier breed renowned for superior marbling, research on stillbirth risk factors specific to this breed remains limited. This study aimed to identify epidemiological and genetic factors associated with stillbirth in Japanese Black cattle in order to provide actionable insights for production sites. In total, 94,569 calving records from 24,821 cows across 1,001 farms in the Kyushu region (2009\u20132018) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a single-trait threshold animal model with Bayesian inference, and mixed-effect model. The overall average stillbirth rate was 1.91%. Small-scale farms exhibited lower stillbirth rates, with more than 70% reporting no stillbirths, whereas large-scale farms showed higher risk, likely reflecting challenges in individual animal observation. Stillbirth rates varied markedly among sires, with some exceeding the overall average by more than 1%. The posterior mean (\u00b1SD) estimates for heritability and repeatability were 0.037\u2009\u00b1\u20090.024 and 0.119\u2009\u00b1\u20090.040, respectively. Environmental analyses indicated that first-parity cows (odds ratio: 1.858) and winter calving (odds ratio: 1.390) were associated with significantly increased stillbirth risk (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). A temporary decline in stillbirth rates was also observed following the 2010\u2009foot-and-mouth disease outbreak, suggesting that reduced herd density and improved care per animal can mitigate risk. Although heritability for stillbirth was low, the relatively high repeatability underscores the importance of managing cows with a prior history of stillbirth. Reducing stillbirth in Japanese Black cattle therefore requires a multifaceted approach, including improved calving management for heifers and winter calvings, use of sire-specific risk information in breeding decisions, and adoption of information and communication technology\u2013based monitoring systems on larger farms. These measures have the potential to reduce economic losses and improve reproductive efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skag248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T11:33:00Z","timestamp":1786275180000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic and environmental risk factors for stillbirth in Japanese Black cattle"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Osuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University , Kawasaki 214-8571,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisaku","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-0901,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohide","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-0901,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-0901,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuho","family":"Uematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association Production Veterinary Medical Center, , Miyazaki 880-0877,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4612-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University , Kawasaki 214-8571,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111394","article-title":"Subclinical mastitis detected during the last gestation period can increase the risk of stillbirth in dairy calves","volume":"12","author":"Antanaitis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24112","article-title":"The impact of beef sire breed on dystocia, stillbirth, gestation length, health, and lactation performance of cows that carry beef x dairy calves","volume":"107","author":"Basiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31480-7","article-title":"REVIEW: cost of reproductive diseases and conditions in cattle","volume":"18","author":"Bellows","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prof Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-504","article-title":"Effect of stillbirths on dam survival and reproduction performance in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Bicalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B7","first-page":"109","article-title":"Obstetrical problems and stillbirth in beef cattle","volume":"29","author":"\u010c\u00edTek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Sci Pap Rep"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2023.133003","article-title":"Causes and effects of stillbirths on days open and cow herd survival in Holstein Friesian Cows","volume":"13","author":"Constantin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open J Vet Med"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77461-5","article-title":"Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows","volume":"76","author":"Correa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5817","article-title":"Calf birth weight, gestation length, calving ease, and neonatal calf mortality in Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows in a pasture system","volume":"96","author":"Dhakal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.822375x","article-title":"Genetic parameters for calving difficulty, stillbirth, and birth weight for Hereford and Charolais at first and later parities","volume":"82","author":"Eriksson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.103902","article-title":"Different beef breed sires used for crossbreeding with Swedish dairy cows: effects on calving performance and carcass traits","volume":"232","author":"Eriksson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20936","article-title":"Genome-wide association study using haplotype libraries and repeated-measures model to identify candidate genomic regions for stillbirth in Holstein cattle","volume":"105","author":"Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0333","article-title":"The Japanese Wagyu beef industry: current situation and future prospects - A review","volume":"31","author":"Gotoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73214-2","article-title":"Genetic parameters for stillbirth in Danish Holstein cows using a Bayesian threshold model","volume":"87","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101443","article-title":"Bovine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death associated with Babesia bovis and Anaplasma sp. infections in southern Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Henker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12073","article-title":"Marbled Japanese Black cattle","volume":"131","author":"Hirooka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Breed Genet"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9040085","article-title":"Risk factors for dystocia and perinatal mortality in extensively kept angus suckler cows in Germany","volume":"9","author":"Hohnholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.6025","article-title":"Estimation of genetic parameters and genetic change for stillbirth in Iranian Holstein cows: a comparison between linear and threshold models","volume":"20","author":"Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric Food Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1973.364695x","article-title":"Factors affecting dystocia and the effects of dystocia on subsequent reproduction in beef cattle","volume":"36","author":"Laster","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427014","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1427014","article-title":"Performance of purebred dairy cows and crossbred cows between Swedish Red, Swedish Holstein, Jersey, and Montb\u00e9liarde in Swedish herds","volume":"5","author":"Liedgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2508\/chikusan.85.27","article-title":"Effects of phenotypic factors and inbreeding for stillbirth of Japanese Black Cattle in Hokkaido","volume":"85","author":"Maeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B23","author":"Maeda","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B24","author":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B25","author":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B26","author":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B27","author":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117002026","article-title":"Performance and financial consequences of stillbirth in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"12","author":"Mahnani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B29","first-page":"47","article-title":"Patterns of stillbirth and dystocia in Ontario cow-calf herds","volume":"56","author":"McDermott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.032","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: a review","volume":"176","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-020-00172-0","article-title":"Investigation of bovine abortion and stillbirth\/perinatal mortality - similar diagnostic challenges, different approaches","volume":"73","author":"Mee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0403","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2017152-10293","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for stillbirths in Holstein cows in a hot environment","volume":"15","author":"Mellado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span J Agric Res"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74586-9","article-title":"Genetic evaluation of Holstein sires and maternal grandsires in the United States for perinatal survival","volume":"84","author":"Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151994","article-title":"Association of herd size with stillbirth and dystocia rates in Japanese Black cattle","volume":"12","author":"Misaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304867","article-title":"Change in the incidence of stillbirth in Japanese Black cattle during the animal movement restrictions and suspended insemination","volume":"19","author":"Misaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B36","volume-title":"Manual for BLUPF90 family of programs","author":"Misztal","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B37","author":"Misztal","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.95-416j77","article-title":"Causes of perinatal mortality and birth weight in Japanese Black Calves","volume":"41","author":"Ogata","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2508\/chikusan.92.285","article-title":"Estimation of genetic parameters for stillbirth of Japanese Black cattle in Kagoshima","volume":"92","author":"Oyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.001665","article-title":"Bovine stillbirth due to Nocardia farcinica","volume":"71","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.004","article-title":"Effects of stillbirth and dystocia on subsequent reproductive performance in Japanese Black cattle","volume":"200","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.016","article-title":"Risk factors for stillbirth and dystocia in Japanese Black cattle","volume":"198","author":"Uematsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20074561","article-title":"Management risk factors associated with stillbirth","volume":"40","author":"Vernooy","year":"2007","journal-title":"AABP Proc"},{"key":"2026082819363768100_skag248-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02090.x","article-title":"Mechanisms linking metabolic status and disease with reproductive outcome in the dairy cow","volume":"47 Suppl 4","author":"Wathes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag248\/70606800\/skag248.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag248\/70606800\/skag248.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag248\/70606800\/skag248.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:36:45Z","timestamp":1787960205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag248\/8758653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skag248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"skag248"}}