{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:48:35Z","timestamp":1791668915097,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Programme"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009122","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-RS-2023 00275307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-RS-2023 00275307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009122","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2025-25429079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2025-25429079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 10-wk growth trial was conducted using three groups of 70 finishing pigs (210 head [Landrace\u2009\u00d7\u2009Yorkshire\u2009\u00d7\u2009Duroc] with initial BW 53.92\u2009\u00b1\u20092.24\u2009kg) to determine the effect of monosodium glutamate\u2013condensed molasses soluble (MSG-CMS) as a replacement for molasses on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiome composition, and meat quality in finishing pigs. For this, the pens of pigs (five pigs\/pen\u2014three \u2640 and two \u2642) were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups in a completely randomized design with 14 replications\/treatment. The dietary treatments were: TRT1, 4% molasses; TRT2, 2% molasses + 2% MSG-CMS; TRT3, 4% MSG-CMS. The test diets were fed in two phases: Phase 1, from wk 0 to 5 and Phase 2, from wk 5 to 10. Pigs fed the diet containing 4% MSG-CMS showed higher (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake during phases 1, 2, and the overall period compared with other treatments. However, final BW, gain-to-feed ratio, nutrient digestibility, backfat thickness, and lean meat percentage were not affected by dietary treatments. At wk 10, pigs that received 4% MSG-CMS exhibited significantly higher (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) blood insulin concentration, whereas no differences were detected in meat quality or carcass characteristics. Also, no differences were observed in alpha diversity indices among treatment groups. However, beta diversity analysis using unweighted UniFrac and Bray\u2013Curtis PCoA demonstrated partial separation of microbial communities, with TRT3 showing a clearer clustering pattern. At the phylum level, TRT3 exhibited higher abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota and a lower abundance of Proteobacteria. At the genus level, Prevotella and Lactobacillus were more abundant in TRT1, whereas Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was reduced in TRT3. LefSe analysis revealed enrichment of several fiber- and fermentation-associated taxa in TRT3, including unclassified Selenomonadaceae, Muribaculaceae, Treponema, and unclassified Ruminococcaceae. In summary, complete replacement of molasses with 4% MSG-CMS improved growth performance, without adversely affecting nutrient digestibility, gut microbial diversity, meat quality, or carcass characteristics, suggesting that MSG-CMS could serve as a potential alternative feed ingredient for improving the growth performance of finishing pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skag298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:17:07Z","timestamp":1789672627000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Partial replacement of molasses with monosodium glutamate\u2013condensed molasses soluble enhances growth performance by maintaining gut health in finishing pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Vetriselvi","family":"Sampath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Smart Animal Bio-Institute, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Smart Animal Bio-Institute, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"SM BIO-TECH Co., Ltd , 13557,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Smart Animal Bio-Institute, Dankook University , Cheonan, 31116,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B1","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2005","edition":"18th ed"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1453","article-title":"Interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight in growing-finishing swine: I. Growth performance and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition","volume":"87","author":"Apple","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09064702.2026.2645716","article-title":"Impact of a microencapsulated probiotic consortium on lactose digestion and intestinal health in piglets","volume":"3","author":"Arroyave Manco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061376","article-title":"Regulation of GH and GH signaling by nutrients","volume":"10","author":"Caputo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390601177647","article-title":"Factors affecting the water holding capacity of red meat products: a review of recent research advances","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9050411","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture\u2019s dose\u2013response effects on ruminal nutrient digestibility and microbial community: an in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/mib.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1043-6","article-title":"Postprandial insulin and glucose levels are reduced in healthy subjects when a standardised breakfast meal is supplemented with a filtered sugarcane molasses concentrate","volume":"55","author":"Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B9","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching","author":"FASS","year":"2010","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021859600037357","article-title":"The value of palm kernel meal in finishing diets for pigs: 2. The effect of the addition of cane molasses on the utilization of high-level palm kernel meal diets","volume":"88","author":"Fetuga","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Agric Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3060637","article-title":"Gut microbiota and inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Hakansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B12","first-page":"91","author":"Harmon","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c180013","article-title":"Physiology of the incretin hormones, GIP and GLP-1\u2014regulation of release and posttranslational modifications","volume":"9","author":"Holst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/s0309-1740(98)00034-5","article-title":"Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat","volume":"49","author":"Honikel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1245650","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111714","article-title":"Dietary fiber-derived butyrate alleviates piglet weaning stress by modulating the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"16","author":"Huangfu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(86)90020-3","article-title":"A comparison of methods to estimate water-holding capacity in post-rigor porcine muscle","volume":"18","author":"Kauffman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B18","first-page":"427","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of condensed molasses soluble (CMS) on growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korea Acad-Ind Cooper Soc"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00800","article-title":"Distinguishing glutamic acid in foodstuffs and monosodium glutamate used as seasoning by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131965","article-title":"Exploring the effect of gastrointestinal Prevotella on growth performance traits in livestock animals","volume":"14","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B2231748","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800055582","article-title":"The effects of two methods of increasing age at slaughter on carcass and muscle traits and meat sensory quality in pigs","volume":"72","author":"Lebret","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(01)00287-5","article-title":"Lactose, sucrose, and molasses in simple and complex diets for nursery pigs","volume":"93","author":"Mavromichalis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827617716376","article-title":"Appetite regulation: hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters and their role in obesity","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010115","article-title":"A review regarding the use of molasses in animal nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Mordenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7744\/kjoas.20220015","article-title":"Effect of condensed molasses fermentation solubles (CMS) to replace molasses on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and backfat thickness in growing pigs","volume":"49","author":"Munezero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Agric Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B26","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B27","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104182","article-title":"Interactive effects between sugar source and pelleting temperature on processing, digestibility and blood metabolites in nursery piglets","volume":"240","author":"Pace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2077515","article-title":"Economic and environmental comparison of the monosodium glutamate (MSG) production processes from A-molasses in an integrated sugarcane biorefinery","author":"Petersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01500-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01500-24","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbes and host promote degradation of various fiber components in Meishan pigs","volume":"10","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1420-x","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate is safe and improves growth performance in postweaning pigs","volume":"44","author":"Rezaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B32","author":"Salgado Romero","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039x.2024.2368284","article-title":"Performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed highly or low fermentable coarse or finely ground fibre-rich feedstuffs","volume":"78","author":"Saliu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B34","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Technological innovations in major world oil crops, volume 2: perspectives","author":"Shamsi","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B35","first-page":"302","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of molasses (Saccharum officinarum) on growth performance and cortisol profile of growing pig in northeastern hill ecosystem of India","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool Stud"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/aro2.70039","article-title":"Modulating taste perception in newly weaned piglets: The role of palatability additives in enhancing feed intake and performance","volume":"4","author":"Specht","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2006.12.002","article-title":"Effects of triticale-based diets on finishing pig performance and pork quality in deep-bedded hoop barns","volume":"76","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-92902016000300004","article-title":"Effect of substitution of corn for molasses in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal noxious gas emission, and meat quality in finishing pigs","volume":"45","author":"Sureshkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"R Bras Zootec"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.11.010","article-title":"Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 1. Effects on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass, meat and eating quality","volume":"73","author":"Teye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B40","first-page":"123","volume-title":"The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality","author":"Van der Zijpp","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B41","author":"Vlajic","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(97)00004-7","article-title":"Use of cane condensed molasses solubles in feeding broilers","volume":"67","author":"Waliszewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70305","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70305","article-title":"Prospects and challenges of umami in edible fungi: biological sources, structure-function relationship, production, mechanism, and evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9379-7","article-title":"Effects of the level of sugarcane molasses on growth and carcass performance of Caribbean growing pigs reared under a ground sugarcane stalks feeding system","volume":"42","author":"Xand\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15080885","article-title":"Measurement of production efficiency and analysis of influencing factors in major sugarcane-producing regions of China","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114455","article-title":"Increasing dietary energy level improves growth performance and lipid metabolism through up-regulating lipogenic gene expression in yak (Bos grunniens)","volume":"263","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500177","article-title":"Identification of the optimal monosodium glutamate\u2013condensed molasses soluble inclusion level replacing molasses in growing-finishing pigs","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9029.1000224","article-title":"Soluble sugars in plants under stress at the Arabian Gulf region: Possible roles of microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Yasseen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Plant Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5187\/JAST.2004.46.1.061","article-title":"The effects of condensed molasses solubles (CMS)\/molasses mixtures on ruminal microbial protein synthesis","volume":"46","author":"Yeo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01254-1","article-title":"Multi-omics integration reveals Chr1 associated QTL mediating backfat thickness in pigs","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026101016561058400_skag298-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2025.106711","article-title":"Enhanced carbohydrate metabolism in subdominant microbes drives rice straw decomposition under nitrogen addition: a four-month study in winter","volume":"218","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag298\/71212376\/skag298.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag298\/71212376\/skag298.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag298\/71212376\/skag298.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:56:20Z","timestamp":1791665780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skag298\/8815704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skag298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"skag298"}}