{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:49:28Z","timestamp":1788364168642,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Flint corn processing method [coarse ground corn (CGC; 3.2 mm average particle size) or steam-flaked corn (SFC; 0.360 kg\/L flake density)] was evaluated in conjunction with 4 levels of NDF from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as roughage source (RNDF; 4%, 7%, 10%, and 13%; DM basis) to determine impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, starch utilization, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus beef cattle. Two hundred and forty Nellore bulls were blocked by initial BW (350 \u00b1 37 kg), assigned to 32 feedlot pens and pens within weight block were randomly assigned, in a 2 \u00d7 4 factorial arrangement (2 corn processing and 4 levels of RNDF) to treatments. Effects of corn grain processing \u00d7 RNDF level were not detected (P \u2265 0.14) for growth performance, dietary net energy concentration, carcass traits, rumen morphometrics, and feeding behavior, except for time spent ruminating and time spent resting (P \u2264 0.04), and a tendency for papillae width (P \u2264 0.09). Bulls fed SFC-based diets consumed 7% less (P = 0.001), had 10.6% greater carcass-adjusted ADG (P &lt; 0.001) and 19% greater carcass-adjusted feed efficiency (P &lt; 0.001) compared with bulls fed CGC-based diets. Observed net energy for maintenance and gain values were 14.9% and 19.4% greater (P &lt; 0.001), respectively, for SFC than for CGC-based diets. Fecal starch concentration was less (P &lt; 0.001) for bulls fed SFC compared with those fed CGC. No grain processing effects were detected (P = 0.51) for rumenitis score; however, cattle fed SFC presented smaller ruminal absorptive surface area (P = 0.03). Dry matter intake increased linearly (P = 0.02) and carcass-adjusted feed efficiency tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly as RNDF increased. Dietary RNDF concentration did not affect carcass characteristics (P \u2265 0.19), except for dressing percentage, which tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as RNDF in finishing diets increased. Increasing RNDF in finishing diets had no effect (P = 0.26) on time spent eating, but time spent ruminating and resting increased linearly (min\/d; P &lt; 0.001) with increased dietary RNDF. Steam flaking markedly increased flint corn energy value, net energy of diets, and animal growth performance, and led to improvements on feed efficiency when compared with grinding, regardless of RNDF content of diets. Increasing dietary RNDF compromised feedlot cattle feed efficiency and carcass dressing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T11:29:48Z","timestamp":1560166188000},"page":"3562-3577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of dietary roughage neutral detergent fiber levels and flint corn processing method on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus cattle1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Antonio Humberto F","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo S","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius N","family":"Gouv\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila D A","family":"Batalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora C","family":"Basto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo D","family":"Millen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Dracena, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S","family":"Drouillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio A P","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76074-0","article-title":"Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber","volume":"80","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0002","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"1986","edition":"14"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0003","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2000","edition":"17"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)30882-2","article-title":"Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber on intakes of dry matter and net energy by dairy and beef cattle: Analysis of published data","volume":"24","author":"Arelovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Scientist"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0005","first-page":"46","article-title":"Steam flaking grains for feedlot cattle: A consultants\u2019s perspective","volume-title":"Proc. Cattle Grain Process. Symp","author":"Armbruster","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(97)00009-6","article-title":"Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding","volume":"67","author":"Bach Knudsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7671744x","article-title":"The feeding value of dry-rolled and steam-flaked corn in finishing diets for feedlot cattle: influence of protein supplementation","volume":"76","author":"Barajas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3168\/JDS.S0022-0302(89)79360-7","article-title":"Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and supplementary long hay on chewing activities and milk production of dairy cows","volume":"72","author":"Beauchemin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198963","article-title":"Effects of grain processing methods on the expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport and pH regulation, and keratinization in rumen epithelium of beef cattle","volume":"13","author":"Benedeti","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9211","article-title":"Effects of roughage source and inclusion in beef finishing diets containing corn wet distillers\u2019 grains plus solubles","volume":"93","author":"Benton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1071\/ar9751053","article-title":"Whole wheat grain feeding of lambs. V. Effects of roughage and wheat grain mixtures","volume":"26","author":"Bigham","year":"1975","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.402207x","article-title":"Tylosin and chloretetracycline for the prevention of liver abscesses, improved weight gains and feed efficiency in feedlot cattle","volume":"40","author":"Brown","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E25","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8413_supple25x","article-title":"Adaptation of beef cattle to high-concentrate diets: performance and ruminal metabolism","volume":"84(Suppl.)","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9051","article-title":"Effect of flint corn processing method and roughage level on finishing performance of Nellore-based cattle","volume":"93","author":"Caetano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.74102310x","article-title":"Influence of dietary forage level and forage coarseness of grind on growth performance and digestive function in feedlot steers","volume":"74","author":"Calderon-Cortes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0016a","first-page":"115","article-title":"Corn grain processing methods and forage levels on diets for finishing Nellore bulls","volume":"89","author":"Carareto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-603","article-title":"Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle","volume":"84","author":"Corona","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74386-5","article-title":"Relationship between corn vitreousness and ruminal in situ starch degradability","volume":"85","author":"Correa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-1836","article-title":"Effect of corn processing method and corn wet distillers grains plus solubles inclusion level in finishing steers","volume":"87","author":"Corrigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000100001","article-title":"Lactate, propionate and, butyrate induced morphological alterations on calf ruminal mucosa and epidermis \u2013 I Histologycals aspects","volume":"60","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0291-1","article-title":"Performance, growth, and maturity of Nellore bulls","volume":"45","author":"Costa e Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health. Prod"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8061395x","article-title":"Effects of roughage source and concentration on intake and performance by finishing heifers","volume":"80","author":"Defoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1358","article-title":"Optimizing use of distiller\u2019s grains in finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn","volume":"86","author":"Depenbusch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0024","unstructured":"Drouillard, J. S., and C.Reinhardt. 2006. Flaked grain variables: Control points and evaluation of flaked grains. In Cattle Grain Processing Symposium, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. http:\/\/beefextension.com\/files\/Proceedings%20final.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2019)."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8451205x","article-title":"Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay levels in dry-rolled corn finishing diets: effects on finishing performance and feedlot nitrogen mass balance","volume":"84","author":"Farran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8114_suppl_2E8x","article-title":"Effects of roughage source and level on intake by feedlot cattle","volume":"81","author":"Galyean","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2014-01329","article-title":"Traditional and alternative sources of fiber \u2013 Roughage values, effectiveness, and levels in starting and finishing diets","volume":"30","author":"Galyean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0029","first-page":"141","article-title":"Roughage levels in feedlot rations","author":"Gill","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Res. Rep"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0029a","volume-title":"Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications)","author":"Goering","year":"1970"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.833705x","article-title":"Effect of cattle age, forage level, and corn processing on diet digestibility and feedlot performance","volume":"83","author":"Gorocica-Buenfil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9459","article-title":"Flint corn grain processing and citrus pulp level in finishing diets for feedlot cattle","volume":"94","author":"Gouv\u00eaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5942","article-title":"Effects of roughage concentration in dry-rolled corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers","volume":"91","author":"Hales","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.771180x","article-title":"Processing, mixing, and particle size reduction of forages for dairy cattle","volume":"77","author":"Heinrichs","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.02.007","article-title":"Rumen papillae morphology of beef steers relative to gain and feed intake and the association of volatile fatty acids with kallikrein gene expression","volume":"187","author":"Kern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73937-X","article-title":"The effect of corn silage particle size on eating behavior, chewing activities, and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"Kononoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E34","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8413_supple34x","article-title":"An upper limit for caloric density of finishing diets","volume":"84(Suppl.)","author":"Krehbiel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0011","article-title":"Effects of grain processing and dietary lipid source on performance, carcass characteristics, plasma fatty acids, and sensory properties of steaks from finishing cattle","volume":"86","author":"LaBrune","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0039","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Levels of sugarcane bagasse in diets with high concentrate for Nellore steers in feedlot","volume":"32","author":"Leme","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0040","unstructured":"Loerch, S. C., and M.Gorocica-Buenfil. 2006. Advantages and disadvantages of feeding whole shelled corn. In Cattle Grain Processing Symposium, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. http:\/\/beefextension.com\/files\/Proceedings%20final.pdf (Accessed 19 November 2015)."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4567","article-title":"Wet distillers grains plus solubles concentration in steam-flaked-corn-based diets: Effects on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics","volume":"90","author":"Luebbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9758","article-title":"Effects of various roughage levels with whole flint corn grain on performance of finishing cattle","volume":"94","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0043a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3049","article-title":"Effects of roughage concentration in steamflaked corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation","volume":"89","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0044","unstructured":"Mcallister, T. A., D. J.Gibb, K. A.Beauchemin, and Y.Wang. 2006. Starch type, structure and ruminal digestion. Proc. Cattle Grain Process. Symp. Tulsa, Oklahoma. http\/\/ beefextension.com\/proceedings\/cattle_grains06\/06-5.pdf (Accessed 13 March 2014). 30\u201341."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0045","unstructured":"Mcallister, T. A., and G.Ribeiro. 2013. Microbial strategies in the ruminal digestion of starch. Proc. 50th Annu. Meet. Braz. Soc. Anim. Sci., Campinas, Brazil. 140\u2013151."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0045a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-359","article-title":"Influence of ruminal and postruminal carbohydrate infusion on visceral organ mass and adipose tissue accretion in growing beef steers","volume":"85","author":"McLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4999","article-title":"Rumen morphometrics and the effect of digesta pH and volume on volatile fatty acid absorption","volume":"91","author":"Melo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0048","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Roughage levels and comparison of mixed rations vs. self-feeders in whole shelled corn finishing programs","author":"Milton","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-478","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: the current microbiological and nutritional outlook","volume":"90(Suppl. 1)","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0049a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/19014","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th rev. ed","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0049b","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed","author":"NRC","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.010","article-title":"Survey of the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists in Brazil","volume":"197","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0051","unstructured":"Owens, F. N., and M.Basalan. 2013. Grain processing: Gain and efficiency responses b feedlot cattle. Proc. Plains Nutr. Counc., Amarillo, TX. http\/\/amarillo.tamu.edu\/files\/2010\/10\/2013-proceedings.pdf (Accessed 10 November 2014). 76\u2013100."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2000.00218812007700ES0034x","article-title":"A review of the impact of feedlot management and nutrition on carcass measurements of feedlot cattle","volume":"77","author":"Owens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.753868x","article-title":"The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: a review","volume":"75","author":"Owens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.761275x","article-title":"Acidosis in cattle: a review","volume":"76","author":"Owens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0054a","first-page":"116","article-title":"Ruminal and post ruminal starch digestion by cattle","volume-title":"Proc. Cattle Grain Process. Symp","author":"Owens","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0149","article-title":"Effects of wet corn gluten feed and roughage levels on performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle","volume":"85","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12681","article-title":"Effects of restricted vs. step up dietary adaptation for 6 or 9 days on feedlot performance, feeding behaviour, ruminal and blood variables of Nellore cattle","volume":"102","author":"Perdig\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0579","article-title":"Relationships of feedlot performance, feeding behavior, rumen morphometrics, and carcass characteristics of Nellore cattle differing in phenotypic residual feed intake","volume":"94","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0058","unstructured":"Pritchard, R. H\n          . 2006. Processing effects on management: Type, form, and level of roughage. In Cattle Grain Processing Symposium, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. http:\/\/beefextension.com\/files\/Proceedings%20final.pdf (Accessed 19 February 2019)."},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26469","article-title":"Efeito do padr\u00e3o alimentar sobre a morfologia da parede ruminal de vacas e carneiros","volume":"43","author":"Resende-Junior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-739","article-title":"Effects of feeding frequency on intake, ruminal fermentation, and feeding behavior in heifers fed high-concentrate diets","volume":"85","author":"Robles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2527\/asasann.2017.611","article-title":"Varying levels of low quality grass hay NDF in finishing diets for Nellore cattle","volume":"95","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12776","article-title":"Effects of rumen-degradable protein:rumen-undegradable protein ratio and corn processing on production performance, nitrogen efficiency, and feeding behavior of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"101","author":"Savari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81123182x","article-title":"Corn processing method in finishing diets containing wet corn gluten feed","volume":"81","author":"Scott","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2013-7194","article-title":"Digestibility and performance of steers fed low quality crop residues treated with calcium oxide to partially replace corn in distillers grains finishing diets","volume":"93","author":"Shreck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.80123328x","article-title":"Evaluation of finishing performance, carcass characteristics, acid-resistant E. coli and total coliforms from steers fed combinations of wet corn gluten feed and steam-flaked corn","volume":"80","author":"Sindt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.68103441x","article-title":"Effects of grain type, roughage level and monensin level on finishing cattle performance","volume":"68","author":"Stock","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.6351649x","article-title":"Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants","volume":"63","author":"Theurer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-1859","article-title":"Manipulating grain processing method and roughage level to improve feed efficiency in feedlot cattle","volume":"88","author":"Turgeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1980.502323x","article-title":"Evaluation of protein sources in whole shelled corn-based steer finishing diets","volume":"50","author":"Utley","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0075a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Van Soest","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3726-2","article-title":"Effects of dietary physical or nutritional factors on morphology of rumen papillae and transcriptome changes in lactating dairy cows based on three different forage-based diets","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.07.024","article-title":"Effect of dietary starch on rumen and small intestine morphology and digesta pH in goats","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(92)90034-4","article-title":"A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates","volume":"39","author":"Weiss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0078a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75634-6","article-title":"Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and steam-rolled corn grains on performance of lactating cows","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422411000096","article-title":"Comparative effects of processing methods on the feeding value of maize in feedlot cattle","volume":"24","author":"Zinn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-556","article-title":"Starch digestion by feedlot cattle: Predictions from analysis of feed and fecal starch and nitrogen","volume":"85","author":"Zinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8051145x","article-title":"Flaking corn: processing mechanics, quality standards, and impacts on energy availability and performance of feedlot cattle","volume":"80","author":"Zinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7651280x","article-title":"An evaluation of ruminally degradable intake protein and metabolizable amino acid requirements of feedlot calves","volume":"76","author":"Zinn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019073016503380400_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.17221\/5767-VETMED","article-title":"Influence of the diet on the morphology of ruminal and intestinal mucosa and on intestinal carbohydrase levels in cattle","volume":"48","author":"Zitnan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Med. (Praha)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skz197\/28926635\/skz197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/97\/8\/3562\/29020328\/skz197.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T16:50:53Z","timestamp":1564505453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/97\/8\/3562\/5513393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skz197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]}}}