{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:34:41Z","timestamp":1774434881191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Remote delivery devices (RDD) are used by some to administer antimicrobials (AM) to cattle when treatment by manual injection is logistically difficult. However, it is not clear that the pharmacokinetics (PK) of AM administered by RDD is comparable to that for AM administered by injection; thus, it is not certain that cattle treated by RDD experience equivalent AM effect. Fifteen crossbred beef steers (body weight [BW] = 302.5 \u00b1 21.7 kg) were used in a three-way crossover study to determine the PK of tulathromycin following administration with RDD in the BQA injection triangle. Cattle were treated by each of three methods at 2.5 mg of tulathromycin per kg of BW with a 60 d washout period between treatments: 1) subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin (SC), 2) treatment by RDD delivered by air pump projector (AIR, Pneudart, Model 178B) at 4.5 m distance, and 3) treatment by RDD delivered by CO2-powered projector at 7.5 m (CO2, Pneudart, Model 176B). Blood was collected prior to injection and at various points up to 552 h post-administration, pharmacokinetic data were analyzed as a mixed model using animal as a random effect and method of administration, order of administration, and their interaction as fixed effects. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) was measured before treatment and at 24 h after treatment to determine the degree of muscle injury resulting from each treatment. Three darts administered by AIR did not discharge (20%; 95% CI = 4% to 48%); and results from these steers were excluded from analysis. Maximum plasma concentration (718, 702.6, and 755.5 \u00b5g\/mL for SC, AIR, and CO2, respectively) and area under the concentration-time curve (17,885, 17,423, and 18,796 \u00b5g \u2022 h\/mL for SC, AIR and CO, respectively) were similar and not significantly different between methods of administration. There was an effect of time (P = 0.0002), period (P = 0.0001), and interaction between method of administration and study period (P = 0.0210) on plasma concentration of CK. However, method of treatment (P = 0.6091), interaction between method and time (P = 0.6972), interaction between period and time (P = 0.6153), and 3-way interaction between method, period and time (P = 0.6804) were not different. Results suggest that PK of tulathromycin following delivery by RDD can be similar to subcutaneous injection; however, failure of RDD to discharge after delivery by some types of projectors can cause an important proportion of cattle to fail to receive drug as expected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T22:36:30Z","timestamp":1570142190000},"page":"4482-4487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin following administration to stocker cattle with remote delivery devices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"J Daniel","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia R","family":"Woolums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steeve","family":"Gigu\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA"},{"name":"Deceased"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph T","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis G","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Poplarville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige N","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William B","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Hice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merrilee","family":"Thoresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019110407563331400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2018-01728","article-title":"Management characteristics of beef cattle production in the eastern United States","volume":"34","author":"Asem-Hiablie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019110407563331400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2307\/3797935","article-title":"Immobilization of Newfoundland caribou and moose with succinylcholine chloride and Cap-Chur equipment","volume":"28","author":"Bergerud","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"2019110407563331400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00445096.1965.11447316","article-title":"Experiments in immobilising ungulate mammals","volume":"1","author":"Bigalke","year":"1965","journal-title":"Zoo. 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