{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:47:11Z","timestamp":1790873231986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P20GM104320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM104320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019-67015-29448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["1009410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1009410"]}]},{"name":"Hatch Multistate Research","award":["1011055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1011055"]}]},{"name":"Hatch Multistate Research","award":["1009410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1009410"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical and Obesity Research Core"},{"name":"Nebraska Center for Prevention of Obesity Diseases"},{"name":"NIH (NIGMS) COBRE IDeA","award":["NIH 1P20GM104320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1P20GM104320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Maternal inflammation causes fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), but its impact on fetal metabolism is not known. Thus, our objective was to determine the impact of sustained maternal inflammation in late gestation on fetal inflammation, skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion. Pregnant ewes were injected every third day from the 100th to 112th day of gestation (term = 150 d) with saline (controls) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce maternal inflammation and IUGR (MI-IUGR). Fetal femoral blood vessels were catheterized on day 118 to assess \u03b2-cell function on day 123, hindlimb glucose metabolic rates on day 124, and daily blood parameters from days 120 to 125. Fetal muscle was isolated on day 125 to assess ex vivo glucose metabolism. Injection of LPS increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures, circulating white blood cells, and plasma tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) concentrations in MI-IUGR ewes. Maternal leukocytes remained elevated (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and TNF\u03b1 tended to remain elevated (P &amp;lt; 0.10) compared with controls almost 2 wk after the final LPS injection. Total white blood cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and TNF\u03b1 were also greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in MI-IUGR fetuses than controls over this period. MI-IUGR fetuses had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) blood O2 partial pressures and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) maternofetal O2 gradients, but blood glucose and maternofetal glucose gradients did not differ from controls. Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 32% and 42%, respectively, in MI-IUGR fetuses. In vivo hindlimb glucose oxidation did not differ between groups under resting conditions but was 47% less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in MI-IUGR fetuses than controls during hyperinsulinemia. Hindlimb glucose utilization did not differ between fetal groups. At day 125, MI-IUGR fetuses were 22% lighter (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than controls and tended to have greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) brain\/BW ratios. Ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation did not differ between groups in basal media but was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for MI-IUGR fetuses in insulin-spiked media. Glucose uptake rates and phosphorylated-to-total Akt ratios were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in muscle from MI-IUGR fetuses than controls regardless of media. We conclude that maternal inflammation leads to fetal inflammation, reduced \u03b2-cell function, and impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism that persists after maternal inflammation ceases. Moreover, fetal inflammation may represent a target for improving metabolic dysfunction in IUGR fetuses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T03:55:31Z","timestamp":1571198131000},"page":"4822-4833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sustained maternal inflammation during the early third-trimester yields intrauterine growth restriction, impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, and diminished \u03b2-cell function in fetal sheep1,2"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Caitlin N","family":"Cadaret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena M","family":"Merrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor L","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin A","family":"Beede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Posont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5438-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin T","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000178750.84837.ed","article-title":"Transfer of proinflammatory cytokines across term placenta","volume":"106","author":"Aaltonen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091512","article-title":"Maternal and social origins of hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199505","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines attenuate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from INS-1E insulinoma cells by restricting mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation capacity \u2013 Novel mechanistic insight from real-time analysis of oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"13","author":"Barlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfz018","article-title":"Real supermodels wear wool: Summarizing the impact of the pregnant sheep as an animal model for adaptive fetal programming","volume":"9","author":"Beede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1071\/RD10110","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy in an ovine model of fetal hypoxia induced by single umbilical artery ligation","volume":"23","author":"Bertucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065728","article-title":"Prenatal endotoxemia and placental drug transport in the mouse: Placental size-specific effects","volume":"8","author":"Bloise","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S32108","article-title":"Placental-mediated increased cytokine response to lipopolysaccharides: A potential mechanism for enhanced inflammation susceptibility of the preterm fetus","volume":"5","author":"Boles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0567","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth: Impact on future metabolic health","volume":"221","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1328","article-title":"Chronically increased amino acids improve insulin secretion, pancreatic vascularity, and islet size in growth-restricted fetal sheep","volume":"157","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R920","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00197.2015","article-title":"Limited capacity for glucose oxidation in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"309","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.03.014","article-title":"Acute exposure of primary rat soleus muscle to zilpaterol HCl (\u03b22 adrenergic agonist), TNF\u03b1, or IL-6 in culture increases glucose oxidation rates independent of the impact on insulin signaling or glucose uptake","volume":"96","author":"Cadaret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txy047","article-title":"Sustained maternal inflammation during the early third trimester yields fetal adaptations that impair subsequent skeletal muscle growth and glucose metabolism in sheep","volume":"2","author":"Cadaret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txz037","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz037","article-title":"Maternal inflammation at midgestation impairs subsequent fetal myoblast function and skeletal muscle growth in rats, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction at term","volume":"3","author":"Cadaret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00068.2017","article-title":"Enhanced insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in young lambs with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"313","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E58","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00517.2013","article-title":"Enhanced insulin secretion responsiveness and islet adrenergic desensitization after chronic norepinephrine suppression is discontinued in fetal sheep","volume":"306","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0445","article-title":"Islet adaptations in fetal sheep persist following chronic exposure to high norepinephrine","volume":"232","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.05.002","article-title":"Inflammation-induced fetal growth restriction in rats is associated with altered placental morphometrics","volume":"35","author":"Cotechini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130295","article-title":"Inflammation in rat pregnancy inhibits spiral artery remodeling leading to fetal growth restriction and features of preeclampsia","volume":"211","author":"Cotechini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2009.06.006","article-title":"Pathological assessment of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"23","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090685","article-title":"Macrophage contact dependent and independent TLR4 mechanisms induce beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Cucak","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.30.12.1000","article-title":"The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization","volume":"30","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15631","article-title":"Impacts of chronic and increasing lipopolysaccharide exposure on production and reproductive parameters in lactating Holstein dairy cows","volume":"102","author":"Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.11.007","article-title":"Low levels of lipopolysaccharide modulate mitochondrial oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle","volume":"64","author":"Frisard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1287894","article-title":"Intra-amniotic administration of lipopolysaccharide induces spontaneous preterm labor and birth in the absence of a body temperature change","volume":"31","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173110700050X","article-title":"Prenatal and pre-weaning growth and nutrition of cattle: Long-term consequences for beef production","volume":"1","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0027","first-page":"183","article-title":"Consequences of nutrition and growth retardation early in life for growth and composition of cattle and eating quality of beef","volume":"15","author":"Greenwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr. Austr"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00359.2018","article-title":"Differential effects of intrauterine growth restriction and a hypersinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp on metabolic pathways and insulin action in the fetal liver","volume":"316","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00540","article-title":"Chronic adrenergic signaling causes abnormal RNA expression of proliferative genes in fetal sheep islets","volume":"159","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1901","article-title":"RNA sequencing exposes adaptive and immune responses to intrauterine growth restriction in fetal sheep islets","volume":"158","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02581.x","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD) in mice is principally due to maternal cause but not fetal sensitivity to LPS","volume":"44","author":"Kohmura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.058","article-title":"Modulation of fetal inflammatory response on exposure to lipopolysaccharide by chorioamnion, lung, or gut in sheep","volume":"202","author":"Kramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/15513815.2013.879239","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in umbilical cord blood from small-for-gestational-age newborns","volume":"33","author":"Lausten-Thomsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr. Pathol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.03.001","article-title":"Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4\/JNK-mediated inflammation","volume":"486","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123243","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase protects lipopolysaccharide-induced early pregnancy defects in mice","volume":"10","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E770","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00494.2009","article-title":"Chronic exposure to elevated norepinephrine suppresses insulin secretion in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"298","author":"Leos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273324","article-title":"Fetal adaptations in insulin secretion result from high catecholamines during placental insufficiency","volume":"595","author":"Limesand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1716","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00459.2007","article-title":"Increased insulin sensitivity and maintenance of glucose utilization rates in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"293","author":"Limesand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0900","article-title":"Attenuated insulin release and storage in fetal sheep pancreatic islets with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"147","author":"Limesand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114780","article-title":"Effects of maternal LPS exposure during pregnancy on metabolic phenotypes in female offspring","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174413000093","article-title":"Elevated plasma norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, but adrenergic blockade reveals enhanced \u03b2-cell responsiveness in an ovine model of placental insufficiency at 0.7 of gestation","volume":"4","author":"Macko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1850","article-title":"Adrenal demedullation and oxygen supplementation independently increase glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"157","author":"Macko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119281","article-title":"Oral, nasal and pharyngeal exposure to lipopolysaccharide causes a fetal inflammatory response in sheep","volume":"10","author":"Maneenil","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2003","article-title":"Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: Prediction, plasticity, and programming","volume":"85","author":"McMillen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.08.022","article-title":"Palmitate induced Fetuin-A secretion from pancreatic \u03b2-cells adversely affects its function and elicits inflammation","volume":"491","author":"Mukhuty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122293","article-title":"The fetal maturational and inflammatory responses to different routes of endotoxin infusion in sheep","volume":"186","author":"Newnham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146840","article-title":"LPS-enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is normalized by resveratrol","volume":"11","author":"Nohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15562\/diabesity.2017.40","article-title":"A potential role for mTORC1\/2 in \u03b22 adrenergic regulation of skeletal muscle glucose oxidation in models of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"3","author":"Posont","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabesity"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.001","article-title":"Postnatal nutrient repartitioning due to adaptive developmental programming","volume":"35","author":"Posont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-150714","article-title":"TNF-alpha impairs regulation of muscle oxidative phenotype: Implications for cachexia?","volume":"24","author":"Remels","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1591","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1-induced NF-\u03baB activation stimulates skeletal muscle glycolytic metabolism through activation of HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"156","author":"Remels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.006","article-title":"Developmental programming of fetal growth and development","volume":"35","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999808","article-title":"Failure of endotoxin to cross the chorioamniotic membranes in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Romero","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275230","article-title":"Skeletal muscle protein accretion rates and hindlimb growth are reduced in late gestation intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep","volume":"596","author":"Rozance","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.103","article-title":"Regulation of immunity and inflammation by hypoxia in immunological niches","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0056","first-page":"A369","article-title":"Development of glucose production and hepatic insulin resistance in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"59","author":"Thorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1727","article-title":"Increased hepatic glucose production in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction is not suppressed by insulin","volume":"62","author":"Thorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-156","article-title":"Board-invited review: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.09.009","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha partially contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced intra-uterine fetal growth restriction and skeletal development retardation in mice","volume":"163","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1020","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00528.2015","article-title":"Intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit smaller hindlimb muscle fibers and lower proportions of insulin-sensitive Type I fibers near term","volume":"310","author":"Yates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.272591","article-title":"Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres","volume":"592","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-3969","article-title":"Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection on white blood cell counts, hematological variables, and serum glucose, insulin, and cortisol concentrations in ewes fed low- or high-protein diets","volume":"89","author":"Yates","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.237347","article-title":"Hypoxaemia-induced catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells inhibits glucose-stimulated hyperinsulinaemia in fetal sheep","volume":"590","author":"Yates","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631038","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631038","article-title":"Developmental programming in response to intrauterine growth restriction impairs myoblast function and skeletal muscle metabolism","volume":"2012","author":"Yates","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky164","article-title":"ASAS-SSR triennial reproduction symposium: Looking back and moving forward-how reproductive physiology has evolved: Fetal origins of impaired muscle growth and metabolic dysfunction: Lessons from the heat-stressed pregnant ewe","volume":"96","author":"Yates","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000114980.40445.83","article-title":"Transfer of inflammatory cytokines across the placenta","volume":"103","author":"Zaretsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(93)90033-2","article-title":"Cachectin\/TNF-mediated lactate production in cultured myocytes is linked to activation of a futile substrate cycle","volume":"5","author":"Zentella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2019121704473022900_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)01272-9","article-title":"TNF-alpha inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion in a pancreatic beta-cell line (INS-1)","volume":"377","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skz321\/30155324\/skz321.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/97\/12\/4822\/31553403\/skz321.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/97\/12\/4822\/31553403\/skz321.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1576558065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/97\/12\/4822\/5588319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skz321","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]}}}