{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1791725470362,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to quantify a large number of analytes including opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics within a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement. Expected drug concentrations in hair are strongly substance dependent. Therefore, three different calibration ranges were implemented: 0.5 to 600 pg\/mg (group 1), 10 to 12,000 pg\/mg (group 2) and 50 to 60,000 pg\/mg (group 3). In order to avoid saturation effects, different strategies were applied for selected transitions including the use of parent mass ions containing one or two 13C-isotopes and detuning of the declustering potential and\/or collision energy. Drugs were extracted from pulverized hair by a two-step extraction protocol and measured by liquid chromatrography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC--MS-MS) using Scheduled MRM\u2122 Algorithm Pro. In total, 275 MRM transitions including 43 deuterated standards were measured. The method has been fully validated according to international guidelines. A MultiQuant\u2122 software based tool for task-oriented data evaluation was established, which allows extracting selected information from the measured data sets. The matrix effects and recoveries were within the allowed ranges for the majority of the analytes. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were for \u223c72% of the analytes in the low-pg\/mg range (0.5\u20135 pg\/mg) and for \u223c24% of the analytes between 10 and 50 pg\/mg. These LLOQs considered cut-offs by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), if recommended. The herein established multi-analyte approach meets the specific requirements of forensic hair testing and can be used for the rapid and robust measurement of a wide range of psychoactive substances. The analyte-specific wide concentration ranges open up a wide field of applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T19:21:32Z","timestamp":1600370492000},"page":"701-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Comprehensive Multi-Analyte Method for Hair Analysis: Substance-Specific Quantification Ranges and Tool for Task-Oriented Data Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Cabalzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB Sciex Switzerland GmbH, SCIEX, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021081406004488200_R1","volume-title":"Haaranalytik: Technik Und Interpretation in Medizin Und Strafrecht","author":"Madea","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.011","article-title":"Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: A multivariate analysis of the impact of extraction conditions on quantitative results","volume":"271","author":"Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.027","article-title":"Systematic assessment of different solvents for the extraction of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals from an authentic hair pool","volume":"282","author":"Madry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair","volume":"856","author":"Baciu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802418768305","article-title":"Toxicological hair analysis: pre-analytical, analytical and interpretive aspects","volume":"58","author":"Khajuria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine, Science, and the Law"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000188","article-title":"Detection of benzodiazepines and z-drugs in hair using an UHPLC-MS\/MS validated method: application to workplace drug testing","volume":"37","author":"Ramirez Fernandez Mdel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1903","article-title":"Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users","volume":"9","author":"Gambelunghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.142","article-title":"Use of polarity switching for the simultaneous bioanalysis of analytes with three orders of magnitude difference in concentration by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"5","author":"Bergeron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.327","article-title":"Expanding the linear dynamic range in quantitative high performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry by the use of multiple product ions","volume":"15","author":"Curtis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9023-5","article-title":"Development and validation of a dynamic range-extended LC-MS\/MS multi-analyte method for 11 different postmortem matrices for redistribution studies applying solvent calibration and additional (13)C isotope monitoring","volume":"407","author":"Staeheli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2175","article-title":"Increasing the linear dynamic range in LC-MS: Is it valid to use a less abundant isotopologue?","volume":"9","author":"Trobbiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31829a78c3","article-title":"Methadone and illegal drugs in hair from children with parents in maintenance treatment or suspected for drug abuse in a German community","volume":"35","author":"Pragst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1474","article-title":"Hair analysis for THCA-A, THC and CBN after passive in vivo exposure to marijuana smoke","volume":"6","author":"Moosmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1288-x","article-title":"Analytical pitfalls in hair testing","volume":"388","author":"Musshoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku099","article-title":"Analysis of extensively washed hair from cocaine users and drug chemists to establish new reporting criteria","volume":"38","author":"Morris-Kukoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05866","article-title":"Hair analysis: Contamination versus incorporation from the circulatory system-investigations on single hair samples using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"91","author":"Erne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024","article-title":"Society of hair testing guidelines for drug testing in hair","volume":"218","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0019","article-title":"Hair analysis for opiates: hydromorphone and hydrocodone as indicators of heroin use","volume":"8","author":"Madry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz022","article-title":"Cocaine hydroxy metabolites in hair: Indicators for cocaine use versus external contamination","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2021081406004488200_R20","article-title":"Determination of cocaine metabolites in hair samples \u2013 comparison with street cocaine samples","volume":"84","author":"Franz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxichem Krimtech"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2317","article-title":"Determination of hydroxy metabolites of cocaine in hair samples for proof of consumption","volume":"10","author":"Musshoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2043","article-title":"Multi-class analysis of new psychoactive substances and metabolites in hair by pressurized liquid extraction coupled to HPLC-HRMS","volume":"9","author":"Montesano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1429-x","article-title":"Deposition of diazepam and its metabolites in hair following a single dose of diazepam","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.021","article-title":"Validation of new methods","volume":"165","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R25","article-title":"Guideline for quality assurance in forensic-toxicological analyses","author":"Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh)"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R26","article-title":"Anhang C: Anforderungen an die untersuchung von Haarproben","volume":"76","author":"Musshoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxichem Krimtech"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R27","author":"(2013) MultiQuant\u2122 Software. Reference Guide - 2013 Version. Sciex"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-002-0516-5","article-title":"Bioanalytical method validation and its implications for forensic and clinical toxicology\u2014a review","volume":"7","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accreditation and Quality Assurance"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s","article-title":"Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"75","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.019","article-title":"State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse","volume":"370","author":"Pragst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.06.053","article-title":"Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: a review","volume":"857","author":"Vogliardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R32","volume-title":"Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin (SGRM)","author":"(2017) Bestimmung von Proben und Medikamenten in Haarproben - 2017 Version"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01873-4","article-title":"(Un)targeted hair metabolomics: first considerations and systematic evaluation on the impact of sample preparation","volume":"411","author":"Eisenbeiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.052","article-title":"Detection and validated quantification of 21 benzodiazepines and 3 \u201cz-drugs\u201d in human hair by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"215","author":"Rust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(96)02071-3","article-title":"Influence of sample preparation on analytical results: Drug analysis [GC\/MS] on hair snippets versus hair powder using various extraction methods","volume":"84","author":"Eser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4736","article-title":"Ion suppression and enhancement effects of co-eluting analytes in multi-analyte approaches: Systematic investigation using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization or electrospray ionization","volume":"24","author":"Remane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.10.044","article-title":"The correlation between concentrations of zolpidem and benzodiazepines in segmental hair samples and use patterns","volume":"282","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113151","article-title":"Large scale consumption monitoring of benzodiazepines and z-drugs by hair analysis","volume":"183","author":"Madry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.08.425","article-title":"Discrete memory impairments in largely pure chronic users of MDMA","volume":"27","author":"Wunderli","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx098","article-title":"Social cognition and interaction in chronic users of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cEcstasy\u201d)","volume":"21","author":"Wunderli","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.09.023","article-title":"Non-medical prescription opioid users exhibit dysfunctional physiological stress responses to social rejection","volume":"100","author":"Kroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5060-z","article-title":"Cognitive and socio-cognitive functioning of chronic non-medical prescription opioid users","volume":"235","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000500542","article-title":"Concomitant heroin and cocaine use among opioid-dependent patients during methadone, buprenorphine or morphine opioid agonist therapy","volume":"25","author":"Gastberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3182512b26","article-title":"Methadone and metabolites in hair of methadone-assisted pregnant women and their infants","volume":"34","author":"Himes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15l10296","article-title":"Pregabalin use among opioid-addicted patients in Switzerland","volume":"77","author":"Mutschler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1611","article-title":"Buprenorphine and nor-buprenorphine levels in head hair samples from former heroin users under Suboxone(R) treatment","volume":"6","author":"Belivanis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2130","article-title":"Targeted analysis of 116 drugs in hair by UHPLC-MS\/MS and its application to forensic cases","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6862","article-title":"Signal suppression can bias selected reaction monitoring ratios. Implications for the confirmation of positive findings in residue testing","volume":"28","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2567","article-title":"Monitoring of direct alcohol markers in alcohol use disorder patients during withdrawal treatment and successive rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Luginbuhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.030","article-title":"Formation of phosphatidylethanol from endogenous phosphatidylcholines in animal tissues from pig, calf, and goat","volume":"283","author":"Luginbuhl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00205-9","article-title":"Determination of olanzapine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection considering the easy oxidability of the compound and the presence of other psychotropic drugs","volume":"714","author":"Olesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.029","article-title":"Identification of 2-hydroxymethyl-olanzapine as a novel degradation product of olanzapine","volume":"220","author":"Saar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7763-2","article-title":"Validation of a multi-analyte LC-MS\/MS method for screening and quantification of 87 psychoactive drugs and their metabolites in hair","volume":"406","author":"Fisichella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2021081406004488200_R54","article-title":"Intrinsic stability study of armodafinil hydrochloride by forced degradation and impurity profiling","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta"},{"key":"2021081406004488200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.01.022","article-title":"Photodegradation study of three dipyrone metabolites in various water systems: Identification and toxicity of their photodegradation products","volume":"42","author":"Gomez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaa131\/34283881\/bkaa131.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/45\/7\/701\/39733901\/bkaa131.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/45\/7\/701\/39733901\/bkaa131.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T06:01:02Z","timestamp":1628920862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/45\/7\/701\/5912486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaa131","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}