{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:56:18Z","timestamp":1787932578639,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-\u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) were determined in 4,773 hair samples. Confirmation of THC-COOH was by GC\u2013MS-MS (gas chromatography--mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry). Confirmation of THC, THCV, CBN and CBD was by LC\u2013MS-MS (liquid chromatoraphy--mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry) on an AB Sciex QTRAP 6500+ LC\u2013MS-MS. The purpose of this work was not to utilize any analyte other than THC-COOH as indicative of ingestion, but to assess the absence or presence, and relative concentrations, of the other cannabinoid analytes in hair of marijuana users vs. primarily CBD users. In this regard, 10% of samples contained significantly higher concentrations of CBD relative to THC than the other 90%. A concentration of CBD that is five times greater than that of THC was proposed as good evidence of primarily CBD ingestion. THC concentrations in the samples ranged from below the limit of detection (5 pg\/mg) to 47,808 pg\/mg hair, varying widely in the relationship between parent THC and the metabolite THC-COOH. CBN was present in most samples, but concentrations relative to THC decreased with increasing THC concentrations. Only 26% of the samples contained THCV detectable by the method. When present, THCV concentrations averaged 1.77% of THC. A limitation of this study is the lack of subject histories to determine the types and amounts of products used and the mode of ingestion. Also, not all THC from external contamination may be removed. Nonetheless, the data provide a useful guide as to what cannabinoids may be found in hair, at what concentrations and under conditions of marijuana use vs. likely primarily CBD use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1624273614000},"page":"487-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cannabinoids Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol, Cannabidiol, Tetrahydrocannabivarin and 11-nor-9-carboxy-\u22069-THC in Hair"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia A","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychemedics Corporation, 5832 Uplander Way, Culver City, CA 90230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael I","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychemedics Corporation, 5832 Uplander Way, Culver City, CA 90230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan B","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychemedics Corporation, 5832 Uplander Way, Culver City, CA 90230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G Neil","family":"Stowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychemedics Corporation, 5832 Uplander Way, Culver City, CA 90230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022052020252596100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.13853","article-title":"Trends in internet searches for cannabidiol (CBD) in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Leas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R2","article-title":"Agricultural A\n            ct of 2014"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R3","article-title":"Agriculture I\n            mprovement A\n            ct of 2018"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R4","article-title":"Cannabinoids EIA","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Medical Devices"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw031","article-title":"Carboxy-THC in washed hair: still the reliable indicator of marijuana ingestion","volume":"40","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented cannabis users","volume":"169","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.014","article-title":"Detection and quantification of 11-nor-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair by GC\/MS\/MS in negative chemical ionization mode (NCI) with a simple and rapid liquid\/liquid extraction","volume":"218","author":"Minoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14906","article-title":"Finding cannabinoids in hair does not prove cannabis consumption","volume":"5","author":"Moosmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R9","volume-title":"Marijuana and the Cannabinoids","author":"Brenneisen","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1976.tb04014.x","article-title":"The stability of cannabis and its preparations on storage","volume":"28","author":"Fairbaim","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R11","first-page":"375","article-title":"Pharmacology of cannabis","volume":"9","author":"Sadhir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pain Management"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/242516","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids","volume":"10","author":"McGilveray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R13","first-page":"15","article-title":"Risks of increasingly potent cannabis: the joint effects of potency and frequency","volume":"16","author":"Pierre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022052020252596100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/2027.42\/148123","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975\u20132018. 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