{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:49:43Z","timestamp":1788587383570,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases continue to challenge forensic toxicologists as both the volume and complexity of casework increases. Comprehensive DUID testing should also meet the drafted Academy Standards Board (ASB)\/ American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard and the National Safety Council\u2019s Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division (NSC-ADID) recommendations. A simple method using protein precipitation followed by filtration extraction with an 8\u2009minute run time by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS) was developed, and a comprehensive ASB\/ANSI validation was performed. Target drugs and metabolites were quantitatively assessed in blood and qualitatively assessed in urine. Included were 127 target analytes including cannabinoids (12), amphetamines (11), cocaine and metabolites (6), benzodiazepines (36), Z-drugs (5), opioids (27), anticonvulsants (3), first-generation antihistamines (6), muscle relaxants (2), dissociatives and hallucinogens (6), barbiturates (10), and miscellaneous substances (3). Limits of detection are appropriate for DUID and other forensic casework such as drug-facilitated crime (DFC) and postmortem investigations. To demonstrate applicability, 78 proficiency test blood and urine samples and 1,645 blood and urine samples from authentic cases samples demonstrated effective detection of target analytes in forensic casework. By increasing the analytical scope of multiple drug classes via a single method, this technique detects drugs that may have previously gone undetected, such as flualprazolam, etizolam, mitragynine, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and psilocin and improves laboratory efficiency by reducing the number of tests required. The described method is, to the authors\u2019 best knowledge, the only published single procedure to meet\u00a0all drugs listed in the drafted ASB\/ANSI standard and recommended Tier 1 and traditional drugs from Tier 2 for DUID screening, while also achieving many drug scope and sensitivity recommendations for DFC and postmortem testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T03:17:10Z","timestamp":1624418230000},"page":"658-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Single Method for 127 Recommended and Additional DUID Drugs in Blood and Urine by LC\u2013MS-MS"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Farley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner , 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner , 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Towler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York , 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirair","family":"Gevorkyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner , 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"Pearring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner , 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke N","family":"Rodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner , 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California , 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022071417315313100_R1","article-title":"Results of the 2013\u20132014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers","author":"Berning","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022071417315313100_R2","article-title":"Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022071417315313100_R3","article-title":"2018 Annual Report of the California DUI Management Information System","author":"Daoud","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022071417315313100_R4","volume-title":"Title 3, Division 2, Part 3, Chapter 10, Article 2, Section 27491.25, in California Government Code"},{"key":"2022071417315313100_R5","article-title":"DRE monograph: saving lives and preventing crashes \u2013 the drug evaluation and classification (DEC) program","author":"Talpins","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022071417315313100_R6","article-title":"Standard for the Analytical Scope and Sensitivity of Forensic Toxicology Testing of Blood in Impaired Driving Investigations. 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