{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:40Z","timestamp":1786947280500,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE 1879\/2-1, AL 1665\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE 1879\/2-1, AL 1665\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Non-mineralized dental biofilm (plaque) has potential as a novel alternative matrix in forensic toxicology to prove drug use. The incorporation of illicit and medicinal drugs in dental plaque could take place through direct contact after oral or nasal intake, which can lead to high drug levels in the oral cavity, or indirectly via the secretion of drug-containing saliva, e.g., after intravenous application. Therefore, plaque samples from patients in opioid replacement therapy (ORT) and postmortem plaque samples were analyzed and the drug concentrations were compared. The study comprised 26 plaque samples from ORT patients with different daily doses, which were analyzed for methadone, morphine and their respective metabolites. Plaque samples were taken directly before the oral administration of the regular daily dose. Seventeen postmortem plaque samples were analyzed, either from cases of lethal drug intoxications or after pain therapy with morphine. Plaque analysis was performed using liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry after liquid extraction with acetonitrile. Plaque concentrations in ORT for methadone and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) ranged from 42 to approximately 49,000\u2009pg\/mg (median 1,300\u2009pg\/mg) and from below 10 to 610\u2009pg\/mg (median 31\u2009pg\/mg), respectively. Morphine plaque concentrations in ORT ranged from 120 to 480\u2009pg\/mg (median 400\u2009pg\/mg). In lethal intoxication cases, plaque concentrations were generally at least one order of magnitude higher than those in the study groups with therapeutic substance use. These data will help to interpret drug findings in plaque. Furthermore, the EDDP\/methadone concentration ratio in plaque was lower after oral intake with contamination of the oral cavity (e.g., syrup) compared to cases with suspected intravenous application of methadone. Therefore, the EDDP\/methadone concentration ratio could therefore indicate the drug administration route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T12:53:00Z","timestamp":1624971180000},"page":"633-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dental Plaque Concentrations of Methadone, Morphine and Their Metabolites in Opioid Replacement Therapy and in Postmortem Cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Henkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg , Albertstra\u00dfe 9, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg 79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Klima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg , Albertstra\u00dfe 9, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg 79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Auw\u00e4rter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg , Albertstra\u00dfe 9, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg 79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus J","family":"Altenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg , Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merja A","family":"Neukamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg , Albertstra\u00dfe 9, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg 79104, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 153, 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