{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:24:25Z","timestamp":1780323865364,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Economic and Social"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Toxic adulterants are drug or chemical agents used to add bulk volume to traditional drugs of abuse such as cocaine and heroin. These cutting agents include levamisole, metamizole, noxiptillin, phenacetin and xylazine as well as common legal drugs such as acetaminophen, caffeine, diphenhydramine, lidocaine, quinine, quetiapine and tramadol. Because they possess pharmacological activity they result in exposure of the user, but also in the case of pregnant women, the developing fetus, to potential drug toxicity. We describe the development, validation and implementation of a rapid (48\u2009second sample-to-sample) test based on a qualitative data-dependent liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method for the analysis of toxic adulterating substances in umbilical cord tissue (UCT) samples. The method provides a means of studying potential in utero exposure to these agents. Library spectra comparison at three different collision energies was used in conjunction with retention time and accurate mass to identify these substances in UCT. Analytically based reporting limits were established to determine positivity rates of adulterants in UCT utilizing a standard addition approach. The method was applied to authentic cocaine and opioid positive UCT to screen for toxic adulterants. There were a total of 82 potential adulterant positives found in a 30-sample cohort of authentic UCT samples, with an average of 2.7 substances per case. Lidocaine was the predominant finding followed by caffeine, and diphenhydramine all of which could result from non-illicit drug exposure, however, there were positives for levamisole, phenacetin, noxiptillin and xylazine none of which are approved in the United States for human therapeutic use. This initial set of data established a preliminary positivity rate of potentially toxic adulterants in UCT samples positive for cocaine or opioid use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T13:09:49Z","timestamp":1633007389000},"page":"619-624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Qualitative LC\u2013Q-TOF Analysis of Umbilical Cord Tissue via Data-Dependent Acquisition as an Indicator of <i>In Utero<\/i> Exposure to Toxic Adulterating Substances"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Brandon N","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick G","family":"Strathmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colombo Plan Secretariat , PO Box 596, 52, Ananda Coomaraswamy Mawatha, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry K","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"},{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022071417282477400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00160-3","article-title":"Drug abuse\u2019s smallest victims: in utero drug exposure","volume":"128","author":"Huestis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.01.011","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to substance of abuse: a worldwide problem","volume":"54","author":"Narkowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00961","article-title":"Screening pregnant women and their neonates for illicit drug use: consideration of the integrated technical, medical, ethical, legal, and social issues","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2087","article-title":"Bioanalysis for cocaine, opiates, methadone, and amphetamines exposure detection during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Concheiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211416","article-title":"Testing for fetal exposure to illicit drugs using umbilical cord tissue vs meconium","volume":"26","author":"Montgomery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.97","article-title":"Using umbilical cord tissue to detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs: a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey","volume":"28","author":"Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919887741","article-title":"The emerging role of toxic adulterants in street drugs in the US illicit opioid crisis","volume":"135","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13968","article-title":"Detection of cutting agents in drug-positive seized exhibits within the United States","volume":"64","author":"Fiorentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000851","article-title":"Levamisole - a toxic adulterant in illicit drug preparations: a review","volume":"43","author":"Midthun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.09.016","article-title":"Method performance and clinical workflow outcomes associated with meconium and umbilical cord toxicology testing","volume":"50","author":"Labardee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1693","article-title":"The emerging role of inhaled heroin in the opioid epidemic: a review","volume":"75","author":"Alambyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurolology"},{"key":"2022071417282477400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw112","article-title":"Optimization and validation of high-resolution mass spectrometry data analysis parameters","volume":"41","author":"Colby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkab094\/40502002\/bkab094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/619\/44887068\/bkab094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/619\/44887068\/bkab094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T17:36:23Z","timestamp":1657820183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/46\/6\/619\/6378598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkab094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}