{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:37:51Z","timestamp":1781584671833,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005269","name":"Center for Substance Abuse Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSS277201800001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSS277201800001C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Given the recent popularity of cannabidiol (CBD) use and the emergence of \u22068-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u22068-THC), the prevalence and concentrations of these and other cannabinoids were investigated in 2,000 regulated and 4,000 non-regulated specimens from workplace drug testing. All specimens were screened using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS) for the presence of 7-hydroxy-CBD (7-OH-CBD) and \u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (\u22069-THC-COOH), with a cutoff of 2\u2009ng\/mL. Specimens screening positive by LC\u2013MS-MS were analyzed by immunoassay at 20, 50 and 100\u2009ng\/mL cutoffs and by an LC\u2013MS-MS confirmation method for 11 cannabinoids and metabolites with a 1\u2009ng\/mL cutoff. Using a 1\u2009ng\/mL cutoff, 98 (4.9%) regulated and 331 (8.3%) non-regulated specimens were positive for \u22069-THC-COOH. Of these, 64% had concentrations below 15\u2009ng\/mL. Similarly, 59 (3.0%) regulated and 162 (4.2%) non-regulated specimens were positive for 7-OH-CBD (n\u2009=\u2009210), CBD (n\u2009=\u2009120) and\/or 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (CBD-COOH, n\u2009=\u2009120). The median concentrations of 7-OH-CBD, CBD and CBD-COOH in those 221 specimens were 6.3, 1.1 and 1.2\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. \u22068-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (\u22068-THC-COOH) was identified in 76 (1.3%) specimens. Parent \u22068-THC is a minor cannabinoid in marijuana, which appears to account for the typically low \u22068-THC-COOH concentrations (median 3.4\u2009ng\/mL) in most positive specimens. However, elevated concentrations suggested the use of \u22068-THC-containing products in some cases (range 1.0\u2013415\u2009ng\/mL). Although 93% agreement was observed between confirmatory LC\u2013MS-MS (15\u2009ng\/mL cutoff) and immunoassay (50\u2009ng\/mL cutoff), a false-negative specimen (66\u2009ng\/mL \u22069-THC-COOH) was identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T20:10:13Z","timestamp":1646770213000},"page":"866-874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of Cannabidiol, \u22069- and \u22068-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites in Workplace Drug Testing Urine Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svante","family":"Vikingsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International , 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E","family":"Winecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International , 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Cone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Kuntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory , 8433 Quivira Road, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory , 8433 Quivira Road, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory , 8433 Quivira Road, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Senter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Reference Laboratory , 8433 Quivira Road, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald R","family":"Flegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene D","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101415470709400_R1","first-page":"7920","article-title":"Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs","volume":"82","author":"Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2017","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"2022101415470709400_R2","article-title":"Public Law 115-334: Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018","author":"115th Congress","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022101415470709400_R3","article-title":"Cannabis Use and Associated Risks","volume-title":"National Laboratory Certification Program Drug Testing Matters","author":"Cone","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022101415470709400_R4","article-title":"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Critical Review \u2013 Isomers of THC","author":"World Health 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