{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:20:56Z","timestamp":1787242856104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a crime where the victim is unable to provide sexual consent due to incapacitation resulting from alcohol or drug consumption. Due to the large number of substances possibly used in DFSA, including illicit, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, DFSA faces many toxicological challenges. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are ideal candidates for DFSA, as they are active at low doses, have a fast onset of action and can be easily administered orally. The last decade has seen the emergence of designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs), which show slight modifications compared with BZDs and similar pharmacological effects but are not controlled under the international drug control system. DBZDs represent an additional challenge due to the number of new entities regularly appearing in the market, their possibly higher potency and the limited knowledge available on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. Many BZDs and DBZDs have a short half-life, leading to rapid metabolism and excretion. The low concentrations and short time windows for the detection of BZD in body fluids require the use of highly sensitive analysis methods to enable the detection of drugs and their respective metabolites. This review discusses the current state of the toxicological analysis of BZDs and DBZDs in forensic casework and their pharmacokinetic properties (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination), as well as their analysis in biosamples typically encountered in DFSA (i.e., blood, urine and hair).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T08:14:32Z","timestamp":1647332072000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Evolution Toward Designer Benzodiazepines in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Mireia","family":"P\u00e9rez Orts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Van\u2019t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"van Asten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van\u2019t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine , 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) , Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine , 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) , Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085 , 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022112504470400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.02.005","article-title":"A global epidemiological perspective on the toxicology of drug-facilitated sexual assault: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2023022112504470400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.08.034","article-title":"A multifactorial critical appraisal of substances found in drug facilitated sexual assault cases","volume":"292","author":"Grela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2023022112504470400_","article-title":"Recommended minimum performance limits for common DFC Drugs and Metabolites in Urine Samples","volume-title":"Society of Forensic 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