{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:38:35Z","timestamp":1792600715928,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, identification and analysis of designer benzodiazepines have become a challenge in forensic toxicology. These substances are analogs of the classic benzodiazepines, but their pharmacology is not well known, and many of them have been associated with overdoses and deaths. As a result, there has been a surge in efforts to develop analytical methods to determine these compounds in different biological samples. Our aim was to develop and validate a fast, sensitive and specific method for determining 17 designer benzodiazepines (adinazolam, clobazam, clonazolam, delorazepam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, flunitrazolam, N-desmethylclobazam, nifoxipam, nitrazolam, meclonazepam, pyrazolam and zolazepam) in hair by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS). Hair samples were decontaminated and pulverized, and a 20\u2009mg aliquot was incubated in methanol in an ultrasound bath (1\u2009h, 25\u00b0C). The supernatant was evaporated and reconstituted in 200\u2009\u00b5L of mobile phase, and the extracts were filtered (nano-filter vials) before injection into LC\u2013MS-MS. All analytes were eluted from the chromatographic column in 8\u2009min, and two multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were used to identify each compound. The limits of quantification were 5 or 25 pg\/mg depending on the analyte, and the calibration functions were linear to 200 pg\/mg. Imprecision was &amp;lt;19.2% (n\u2009=\u200915), and bias was from \u221213.7 to 18.3% (n\u2009=\u200915). All the analytes yielded high extraction efficiencies &amp;gt;70% and displayed ion suppression between \u221262.8% and \u221223.9% (n\u2009=\u200910). The method was applied to 19 authentic cases. Five samples were positive for flualprazolam (&amp;lt;LOQ\u2014&amp;gt;\u2009200 pg\/mg) and\/or etizolam (47.4\u201388.5 pg\/mg). In conclusion, the present validated method has proven to be fast, sensitive, specific and capable of determining 17 designer benzodiazepines in hair using LC\u2013MS-MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T10:28:41Z","timestamp":1656066521000},"page":"852-859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fast and Sensitive Method for the Determination of 17 Designer Benzodiazepines in Hair by Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"DeFreitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York , 524 West 59th Street\u2014Rm 5.66.11, New York, NY 10019, USA"},{"name":"Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Medical Center , 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Miguel","family":"Fonseca Pego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York , 524 West 59th Street\u2014Rm 5.66.11, New York, NY 10019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kronstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine , 587 58 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University , 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Lendoiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Toxicolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"de Castro-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Toxicolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Concheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justices, City University of New York , 524 West 59th Street\u2014Rm 5.66.11, New York, NY 10019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101415464025000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.03.001","article-title":"Benzodiazepines","volume":"47","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management"},{"key":"2022101415464025000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1416","article-title":"New psychoactive substances\u2014designer benzodiazepines","volume":"3","author":"Wilde","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Forensic Science"},{"key":"2022101415464025000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.11.006","article-title":"Toxicological findings in 1000 cases of suspected drug facilitated sexual assault in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Fiorentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2022101415464025000_R4","article-title":"Designer benzodiazepines: a review of toxicology and public health risks","volume":"14","author":"Brunetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2022101415464025000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.015","article-title":"An expanding world of new psychoactive substances-designer benzodiazepines","volume":"73","author":"Zawilska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2022101415464025000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2953","article-title":"Flualprazolam: report of an outbreak of a new psychoactive substance in 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