{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:17:54Z","timestamp":1790360274208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Transportation Safety, Bureau of Transportation Safety and Technical Services"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Drug-impaired driver detection is a critical element of traffic safety. However, shifting drug use patterns over time and geography may limit the long-term reliability of assay-based screening tools. In this work, we compare qualitative results from the Abbott SoToxa\u00ae oral fluid (OF) screening device to Quantisal\u2122 OF and whole blood. Our objective was to examine these three qualitative toxicological approaches, scope applicability of OF collection at the roadside, and compare them with a previous analysis of SoToxa\u00ae in Wisconsin. OF specimens were screened with the SoToxa\u00ae for six drugs or drug classes including amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). OF and blood specimens were collected from 106 participants. Quantisal\u2122 OF and blood specimens were screened for drugs on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013QToF-HRMS) using a data-independent acquisition mode. UPLC\u2013QToF-HRMS data were compared to comprehensive spectral libraries, and drugs were qualitatively identified. Drug Recognition Expert evaluations were performed, and face sheets submitted for 21 participants in this work. In general, the SoToxa\u00ae results were consistent with the combined qualitative results observed in Quantisal\u2122 OF specimens and whole blood specimens. Limitations were uncovered for benzodiazepines, opioids and THC. The SoToxa\u00ae benzodiazepine assay has high cutoff concentrations for diazepam and clonazepam, limiting its sensitivity and positive predictive value when considering these drugs. SoToxa\u00ae opioid screening did not detect fentanyl, which is increasingly prevalent among drug users. Finally, \u22069-THC and its major metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-\u22069-THC are lipophilic, limiting partitioning into OF. Despite these limitations, the SoToxa\u00ae instrument may be useful in assisting law enforcement with identifying individuals driving under the influence of drugs and establishing probable cause at roadside for making impaired driving arrests. Furthermore, Quantisal\u2122 OF may be useful as screening specimens due to their ease of collection and results consistent with whole blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1656516523000},"page":"825-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Suitability of SoToxa\u00ae Oral Fluid Screening Over Time: Re-Examination of Drugged Driving in Wisconsin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Theodore","family":"Savage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Section, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Testing Section, Bureau of Transportation Safety and Technical Services, Wisconsin Department of Transportation , 3502 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Pieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Section, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Section, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Barkholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Section, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101415465674700_R1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Results of the 2013\u20132014 national roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers","volume":"11","author":"Berning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Addiction, Education, and Eradication"},{"key":"2022101415465674700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.56","article-title":"Drugs and alcohol: their relative crash risk","volume":"75","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"2022101415465674700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1635690","article-title":"The utility of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) measures obtained from oral fluid samples in traffic safety","volume":"20","author":"Romano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"2022101415465674700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1655568","article-title":"Strengths and limitations of two cannabis-impaired driving detection methods: a review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2022101415465674700_R5","article-title":"Countermeasures That Work\u2013Drug-Impaired Driving. 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