{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:44:03Z","timestamp":1787312643770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunoassay procedures, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are widely used for screening samples in both driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and postmortem (PM) investigations. While these are sensitive and widely used techniques, they lack specificity compared to more novel instrumental screening platforms. In this study, the cross-reactivities of several cannabinoid isomers and related compounds were evaluated in whole blood using the Cannabinoids Direct ELISA kit from Immunalysis. The compounds of interest were supplemented individually at three different concentrations, ranging from 10 to 100\u2009ng\/mL or 10 to 1,000\u2009ng\/mL depending on analyte, to determine initial feasibility. Compounds exhibiting cross-reactivity were then tested to create dose\u2013response curves to calculate the percent cross-reactivity. The cross-reactivity was determined to be 200% for delta-8-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (delta-8-carboxy-THC), 25% for delta-9,11-THC, 13% for delta-10-THC, 7% for delta-6a(10a)-THC, 3% for THC-O-acetate and 0.5% for tetrahydrocannabiphorol. To determine potential impacts on forensic laboratory casework, a review of DUID and PM casework was also performed. From November 2020 to June 2021, a random sampling of DUID and PM cases was selected monthly and evaluated for the presence of cannabinoid isomer(s) in the absence of a reportable delta-9-carboxy-THC result. While validated techniques for the identification and confirmation of these isomer(s) did not exist at the time of routine testing, delta-8-carboxy-THC was believed to be the most common isomer finding based on current testing capability. This study demonstrated a noticeable increase in the presence of isomeric cannabinoid compounds in both forensic DUID and PM casework sampled during this period and suggests potential impacts for clinical casework as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T12:18:42Z","timestamp":1658492322000},"page":"844-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Determination of Cross-Reactivity of Contemporary Cannabinoids with THC Direct Immunoassay (ELISA) in Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Marykathryn T","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaghan M","family":"Ringel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen M","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari M","family":"Midthun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101415472493200_R1","article-title":"Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Seriously and Fatally Injured Road Users Before and During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency","author":"Thomas","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab029","article-title":"Emergence of delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol in DUID investigation casework: method development, validation and application","volume":"46","author":"Chan-Hosokawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R3","article-title":"How Many Isomers of THC are in Cannabis and Beyond?","volume-title":"Latest Cannabis News Today - Headlines, Videos & Stocks","author":"Cesarone","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R4","article-title":"What Is Exo-THC?","volume-title":"Society of Cannabis Clinicians","author":"Russo","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R5","article-title":"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Critical Review: Isomers of THC","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R6","article-title":"Controlled Substances - Alphabetical Order","author":"Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R7","article-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Response on Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol to the Alabama Board of Pharmacy (ALBOP) {Letter}.","author":"Boos","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R8","first-page":"218","article-title":"Cannabinoid structure-activity relationships: correlation of receptor binding and in vivo activities","volume":"265","author":"Compton","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00065","article-title":"Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency Cannabis sativa","volume":"78","author":"Radwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Products"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000136375","article-title":"Comparative studies in man and in laboratory animals on 8- and 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"9","author":"Karniol","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R11","first-page":"19","article-title":"delta dawn: the rise of delta-8-THC in the United States","volume":"51","author":"Karschner","year":"2021","journal-title":"TIAFT Bulletin"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00436","article-title":"Cannabidiol as the substrate in acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization","volume":"83","author":"Marzullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Products"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R13","article-title":"Conversion of CBD to \u03948-THC and \u03949-THC","author":"Webster","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022101415472493200_R14","article-title":"Leafly staff.","volume-title":"What Is Delta-8? 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