{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:52Z","timestamp":1786947292332,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011033","name":"Thermo-Fisher Scientific","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) has been shown to be a rapid, simple and inexpensive alternative to traditional forensic drug screening methods. It can address the limitations of both immunoassays and chromatography-based techniques due to its non-reliance on sample preparation and its ability to rapidly screen for a wide array of compounds. In this study, an automated PS-MS system was employed to semi-quantitatively screen for 40 commonly abused drugs and metabolites in urine after a 15-min glucuronidase reaction. The target compounds included common prescription opioids, fentanyl and norfentanyl, stimulants including methamphetamine and cocaine, benzodiazepines and antidepressants. The enzyme, buffer and internal standard solution were combined in one spiking solution to minimize sample handling. Analysis was carried out using a commercially available automated paper spray system coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. This method may prove useful for clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories as it allows for automated screening of complex samples for drugs without extraction, separation and sample cleanup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1658486911000},"page":"147-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Automated and High-Throughput Urine Drug Screening Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Magnus","family":"Rydberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas E","family":"Manicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032310460113100_","article-title":"Understanding the epidemic","author":"Center for Disease Control","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","article-title":"U.S. opioid dispensing rate maps","author":"Center for Disease Control","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","article-title":"Booklet 1 - Executive Summary Policy Implications","volume-title":"World Drug Report 2021","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902854g","article-title":"Development, characterization, and application of paper spray ionization","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906314","article-title":"Paper spray for direct analysis of complex mixtures using mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2659-2","article-title":"Forensic applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"394","author":"Ifa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky001","article-title":"Toxicological drug screening using paper spray high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS-MS)","volume":"42","author":"McKenna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY01009E","article-title":"Drug screening method development for paper spray coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer","volume":"9","author":"Jett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13370","article-title":"A new quantitative drug checking technology for harm reduction: pilot study in Vancouver, Canada using paper spray mass spectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Borden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11779","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03398","article-title":"Paper spray ionization coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry for comprehensive urine drug testing in comparison to liquid chromatography-coupled techniques after urine precipitation or dried urine spot workup","volume":"89","author":"Michely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005","article-title":"Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices","volume":"54","author":"Vandergrift","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8164","article-title":"Rapid analysis of fentanyls and other novel psychoactive substances in substance use disorder patient urine using paper spray mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.0c00063","article-title":"Direct analysis of doping agents in raw urine using hydrophobic paper spray mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Rossini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY00641A","article-title":"A comparative study of microporous polyolefin silica-based paper and cellulose paper substrates utilizing paper spray-mass spectrometry in drug analysis","volume":"11","author":"De Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13467","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02050","article-title":"Pressure-sensitive adhesive combined with paper spray mass spectrometry for low-cost collection and analysis of drug residues","volume":"93","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-017-1790-0","article-title":"Novel selectivity-based forensic toxicological validation of a paper spray mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of eight amphetamines in whole blood","volume":"28","author":"Teunissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01898-9","article-title":"Paper spray high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry for quantitation of voriconazole in equine tears","volume":"411","author":"Lerch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201200270","article-title":"Rapid screening and determination of 4-chloroamphetamine in saliva by paper spray-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry","volume":"33","author":"Jhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt054","article-title":"Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8601","article-title":"A statistical approach to optimizing paper spray mass spectrometry parameters","volume":"34","author":"Skaggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45358-x","article-title":"Solvent-assisted paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (SAPSI-MS) for the analysis of biomolecules and biofluids","volume":"9","author":"Riboni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403383d","article-title":"Paper spray ionization of noncovalent protein complexes","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01350.x","article-title":"Interpretation of urine drug testing in pain patients","volume":"13","author":"Pesce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","article-title":"Comparison of species-specific \u03b2-glucuronidase hydrolysis of cannabinoid metabolites in human urine. Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration. DOT\/FAA\/AM-15\/6","author":"Kemp","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.921","article-title":"LC\u2013ESI-MS-MS analysis for the quantification of morphine, codeine, morphine-3-\u03b2-D-glucuronide, morphine-6-\u03b2-D-glucuronide, and codeine-6-\u03b2-D-glucuronide in human urine","volume":"40","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku003","article-title":"Evaluation of abalone \u03b2-glucuronidase substitution in current urine hydrolysis procedures","volume":"38","author":"Malik-Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw026","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel LC-MS-MS opioid confirmation assay: Evaluation of \u03b2-glucuronidase enzymes and sample cleanup methods","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","first-page":"7","article-title":"Therapeutic significance of \u03b2-glucuronidase activity and its inhibitors: A review","volume":"187","author":"Paul Awolade","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","article-title":"Craig, A., Kirstin B. Using UHPLC\/MS (TOF) for detection of drugs and metabolites in urine following optimized enzymatic hydrolysis conditions"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-015-1322-8","article-title":"Ionization suppression and recovery in direct biofluid analysis using paper spray mass spectrometry","volume":"27","author":"Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.06.028","article-title":"Paper spray ionization: Applications and perspectives","volume":"118","author":"McBride","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.08.005","article-title":"Paper spray and Kendrick mass defect analysis of block and random ethylene oxide\/propylene oxide copolymers","volume":"989","author":"Cody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02128K","article-title":"Assessment of paper tip angular position, carryover, matrix effects and dried blood spot storage effect on paper spray mass spectrometry","volume":"12","author":"Takyi-Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.6.332","article-title":"Methadone and metabolite urine concentrations in patients maintained on methadone","volume":"27","author":"Preston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz066","article-title":"LC-MS-MS vs ELISA: validation of a comprehensive urine toxicology screen by LC-MS-MS and a comparison of 100 forensic specimens","volume":"43","author":"Kahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032310460113100_","volume-title":"Urinary drug testing: small changes for big improvements in sensitivity","author":"Cybulski","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac053\/45213721\/bkac053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/147\/49600653\/bkac053.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/147\/49600653\/bkac053.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T21:32:29Z","timestamp":1700861549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/47\/2\/147\/6648374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}