{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:06:45Z","timestamp":1781928405770,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) has become a widespread marker offering an up to 4-week retrospective window to detect alcohol use. Due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, ethanol-based hand sanitizers are frequently used. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the determination of up to seven different homologues of PEth from dried blood spots (DBSs) after use of an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. The objectives of its preliminary application were to prove whether a threshold of 20\u2009ng\/mL for PEth 16:0\/18:1 is reached and whether other homologues are formed as well as if positive findings of urinary ethyl glucuronide (UEtG) can be observed with respect to assess monitoring of abstinence control programs. Ten volunteers (8 occasional and 2 regular drinkers) were recruited to excessively use an ethanol-based hand sanitizer on 5\u2009successive days. DBSs and urine samples were collected daily. PEth and UEtG were determined by liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry. In total, two volunteers with initial PEth 16:0\/18:1 concentrations of 19.3 and 14.6\u2009ng\/mL exceeded the threshold of 20\u2009ng\/mL six times. Subjects drinking daily or almost daily had starting PEth 16:0\/18:1 concentrations of 242 and 354\u2009ng\/mL, showing a decline of PEth concentrations in six out of the seven homologues over 5\u2009days. In teetotalers, formation of PEth species could not be observed. Thus, not satisfying requirements in an alcohol monitoring program with initial PEth-negative blood cannot be explained by a frequent use of ethanol-based hand sanitizer only. In cases of regular alcohol consumption, PEth homologues are not likely to be further influenced. However, results indicated that individuals with a PEth concentration close to 20\u2009ng\/mL are at risk of exceeding the threshold by using ethanol-based hand sanitizer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T21:51:43Z","timestamp":1666734703000},"page":"245-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Development and Validation of Seven Phosphatidylethanol Homologues in Dried Blood Spots Including Preliminary Results after Excessive Use of an Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefine","family":"Herzog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich , Dessauerstr. 13-15, Munich 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Skopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich , Dessauerstr. 13-15, Munich 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Musshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich , Dessauerstr. 13-15, Munich 80992, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032411260458000_","volume-title":"Urteilsbildung in der Fahreignungsbegutachtung: Beurteilungskriterien","author":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Verkehrsmedizin (DGVM), Deutsche Gesellschaft F\u00fcr Verkehrspsychologie (DGVP)","year":"2022","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh003","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood","volume":"39","author":"Arad\u00f3ttir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05707.x","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol formation via transphosphatidylation by rat brain synaptosomal phospholipase D","volume":"48","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-8981(00)00291-6","article-title":"Normalization rate and cellular localization of phosphatidylethanol in whole blood from chronic alcoholics","volume":"299","author":"Varga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3458-5","article-title":"Identification of 48 homologues of phosphatidylethanol in blood by LC-ESI-MS-MS","volume":"396","author":"Gnann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14788","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114788","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of chronic alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Viel","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13213","article-title":"The formation, elimination, interpretation, and future research needs of phosphatidylethanol for research studies and clinical practice","volume":"40","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3340","article-title":"Consensus for the use of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) for the assessment of abstinence and alcohol consumption in clinical and forensic practice (2022 Consensus of Basel)","volume":"14","author":"Luginb\u00fchl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1445-x","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) detected in blood for 3 to 12 days after single consumption of alcohol\u2014a drinking study with 16 volunteers","volume":"131","author":"Schr\u00f6ck","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9169-1","article-title":"Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1, 18:1\/18:1, and 16:0\/16:0 in venous blood and venous and capillary dried blood spots from patients in alcohol withdrawal and control volunteers","volume":"408","author":"Kummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0511-z","article-title":"Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine after consumption of various beverages and foods\u2014misleading results?","volume":"124","author":"Musshoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.007","article-title":"Inhalation but not transdermal resorption of hand sanitizer ethanol causes positive ethyl glucuronide findings in urine","volume":"237","author":"Arndt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-021-00094-x","article-title":"Hand sanitizers as a preventive measure in COVID-19 pandemic, its characteristics, and harmful effects: a review","volume":"97","author":"Prajapati","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2514","article-title":"Creatinine excretion in consecutive urine samples after controlled ingestion of water","volume":"11","author":"Franz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","first-page":"185","article-title":"Appendix B\u2014requirements for the validation of analytical methods","volume":"76","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"English Translation, Original German Version Published in Toxichem Krimtech (2009)"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.120923","article-title":"Molecular species of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol in human blood measured by LC-MS","volume":"55","author":"Helander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121694","article-title":"Quantitation of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood after volumetric absorptive microsampling","volume":"223","author":"van Uytfanghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ay00636j.","article-title":"The detection of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol in human dried blood spots","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2910","article-title":"Analysis of six different homologues of phosphatidylethanol from dried blood spots using liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"13","author":"Aboutara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.278","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in blood (B-PEth): a marker for alcohol use and abuse","volume":"3","author":"Isaksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Nationell harmonisering av alkoholmark\u00f6ren PEth","volume":"110","author":"Helander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13471","article-title":"Cut-point levels of phosphatidylethanol to identify alcohol misuse in a mixed cohort including critically ill patients","volume":"41","author":"Afshar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.01.029","article-title":"Providing context for phosphatidylethanol as a biomarker of alcohol consumption with a pharmacokinetic model","volume":"94","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13865","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/20:4 in human blood after alcohol intake","volume":"42","author":"Lopez-Cruzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2002.125292","article-title":"Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics","volume":"140","author":"Varga","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab115","article-title":"Blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations following intensive use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer","author":"Reisfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn084","article-title":"Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification","volume":"44","author":"Helander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)"},{"key":"2023032411260458000_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0725-3","article-title":"Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment","volume":"126","author":"Albermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac086\/47542150\/bkac086.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/3\/245\/49627433\/bkac086.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/3\/245\/49627433\/bkac086.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T11:27:32Z","timestamp":1679657252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/47\/3\/245\/6774984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkac086","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]}}}