{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:16:16Z","timestamp":1786947376653,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/09857-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/09857-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["142056\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142056\/2020-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303275\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303275\/2017-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Projeto INSPEQT","award":["16\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present work describes a practical application of Green Analytical Toxicology (GAT) during the development of an eco-friendly dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME) avoiding the use of highly toxic chlorinated solvents that are commonly used in this type of the technique. The purpose was to further consolidate GAT guidelines during method development. Thus, a full method optimization using a multivariate statistical approach and validation were performed. To that end, synthetic cathinones (SCs), one of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, were the target analytes due to their relevance and chemical diversity. Furthermore, whole blood and urine samples were the matrices of choice due to their clinical relevance. The sample preparation step prior to DLLME consisted of protein precipitation of whole blood samples, while urine specimens were centrifuged and diluted with ultrapure water. Then, borate buffer, sodium chloride and ethyl acetate:acetonitrile were added and vortexed. Finally, vials were centrifuged and the organic layer was transferred to autosampler vials, evaporated to dryness and resuspended with mobile phase prior to injection into the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry system. Once optimized, the proposed DLLME was fully validated: 0.2 and 1\u2009ng\/mL as the limit of detection and 1 and 10\u2009ng\/mL as the limit of quantitation for urine and blood samples, respectively. The linear range was established as 1\u2013100 and 10\u20131,000\u2009ng\/mL for urine and blood samples, respectively (r2\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.99), while the bias and precision were within acceptable limits (\u226580%). The matrix effect was of 1.9\u2013260.2% and \u221212.3\u2013139.6%; while the recovery was of 27.4\u201360.0% and 13.0\u201355.2%; the process efficiency ranged from 45.0% to 192.0% and 17.9% to 58.4% for whole blood and urine, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to real case samples as proof of applicability. Thus, a simple, cheap and fast eco-friendly technique to analyze SCs in two biological specimens was described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T09:57:44Z","timestamp":1674554264000},"page":"353-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development of a Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction for Synthetic Cathinones in Biological Fluids Based on Principles of Green Analytical Toxicology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis","family":"Fabris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Lanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas SP 13083-871, Brazil"},{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas , Campinas SP 13083-859, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luiz","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas SP 13083-871, Brazil"},{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas , Campinas SP 13083-859, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Yonamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1848100","article-title":"Blood concentrations of synthetic cathinones","volume":"59","author":"Adamowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7386-z","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of 28 synthetic cathinones and metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"405","author":"Concheiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa071","article-title":"Determination of 30 synthetic cathinones in postmortem blood using LC\u2013MS-MS","volume":"44","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","first-page":"12","article-title":"Determination of synthetic cathinones in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques","volume":"40","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6548-8","article-title":"Determination of 32 cathinone derivatives and other designer drugs in serum by comprehensive LC-QQQ-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"405","author":"Swortwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.09.027","article-title":"Identification and quantification of synthetic cathinones in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-quadrupole\/time of flight (LC-Q\/TOF) mass spectrometry","volume":"1035","author":"Glicksberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY00041G","article-title":"Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) and synthetic cathinones in urine using solid phase micro-extraction fibre tips and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Alsenedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"2023041410544262200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.02.039","article-title":"Comparison of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"989","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. 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