{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:14:34Z","timestamp":1773983674141,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Metaldehyde, a widely used molluscicide, is the third cause of intoxication by pesticides in domestic animals in Europe. Most mammalian species are susceptible, and its exposure may lead to death within a few hours. While metaldehyde intoxication diagnosis is in most cases presumptive, based on the symptomatology or from \u201cpostmortem\u201d analysis, few analytical methods are currently available for live animals. The aim of this work was to describe a fast analytical method for the specific and quantitative determination of metaldehyde in animal whole blood and serum at concentrations of toxicological significance. A liquid\u2013liquid extraction with chloroform and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry quantification are proposed. The method limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.04\u2009\u00b5g\/mL in serum and whole blood. The method was linear in the range from 0.04 to 200\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. The recovery was between 93% and 102% for LOQ, low, medium and high spike concentrations. Intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviation was &amp;lt;12% in all spike concentrations in both serum and whole blood, apart from one of the experiments at LOQ in whole blood, which accounted for 17.7%. The method was applied to real intoxication cases, and the concentration found in positive samples was between 29 and 69\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. The proposed method provides high sensitivity, accuracy and precision and can be used to assist in the diagnosis of metaldehyde poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T08:34:39Z","timestamp":1679128479000},"page":"464-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Metaldehyde in Animal Whole Blood and Serum by Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Masti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Barolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Maria","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"De Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Furlanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Sanchez Del Pulgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory , Via dell\u2019Industria 3, Veggiano, Padova 35030, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051922405435100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12060541","article-title":"A literature review of biological and bio-rational control strategies for slugs: current research and future prospects","volume":"12","author":"Barua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12040344","article-title":"The fate of Deroceras reticulatum following metaldehyde poisoning","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07486.x","article-title":"Some recent contributions by English workers to the development of methods of insect control","volume":"27","author":"Gimingham","year":"1940","journal-title":"Annals of Applied Biology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R4","first-page":"518","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles","author":"Gupta","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R5","volume-title":"The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.07.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of animal poisoning: an overview on the features and spatio-temporal distribution of the phenomenon in the north-eastern Italian regions","volume":"266","author":"Bille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.158","article-title":"Pesticide incidence in poisoned baits: a 10-year report","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Chiari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136129","article-title":"Types of pesticides involved in domestic and wild animal poisoning in Italy","volume":"707","author":"Bertero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.005","article-title":"Suspected poisoning of domestic animals by pesticides","volume":"539","author":"Caloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2478\/v10102-009-0009-z","article-title":"Incidence of animal poisoning cases in the Czech Republic: current situation","volume":"2","author":"Modr\u00e1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100734","article-title":"Suspected metaldehyde slug bait poisoning in dogs: a retrospective analysis of cases reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service","volume":"171","author":"Bates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550110514","article-title":"Metaldehyde","volume":"11","author":"von Burg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.057414","article-title":"Self-poisoning with metaldehyde","volume":"25","author":"Bleakley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Journal"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13049","article-title":"Pesticide contact dermatitis in agricultural workers of Himachal Pradesh (India)","volume":"79","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R15","article-title":"Metaldehyde Toxicosis in Dogs","volume-title":"Veterinary Technician 34, n. 3, E1\u2013E4","author":"Kitagaki","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385926-6.00053-3","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(90)50027-3","article-title":"Management of toxicoses","volume":"20","author":"Beasley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R18","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles","author":"Caloni","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.98.18.356","article-title":"Three cases of metaldehyde poisoning in cattle","volume":"98","author":"Stubbings","year":"1976","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900216","article-title":"Arsenic and metaldehyde toxicosis in a beef herd","volume":"19","author":"Valentine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02348-w","article-title":"Fatal metaldehyde poisoning in a dog confirmed by gas chromatography","volume":"16","author":"Botelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0041","article-title":"Metaldehyde poisoning of companion animals: a three-year retrospective study","volume":"61","author":"Roma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100510","article-title":"Persistence of metaldehyde during acute molluscicide poisoning","volume":"11","author":"Moody","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human & Experimental Toxicology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.10.002","article-title":"Determination of metaldehyde in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"875","author":"Saito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.03.011","article-title":"Fragmentation patterns involving ammonium adduct fragment ions: a comparison of the determination of metaldehyde in human blood by HPLC-QqQ-MS\/MS and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS","volume":"1085","author":"Szpot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/9.4.172","article-title":"Gas chromatographic analysis of metaldehyde in urine and plasma","volume":"9","author":"Booze","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R27","volume-title":"Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt054","article-title":"Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology","volume":"37","author":"Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023051922405435100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990026d","article-title":"Determination of metaldehyde in suspected cases of animal poisoning using gas chromatography\u2212ion trap mass spectrometry","volume":"47","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkad020\/49705056\/bkad020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/5\/464\/50399492\/bkad020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/5\/464\/50399492\/bkad020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T22:41:53Z","timestamp":1684536113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/47\/5\/464\/7082626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkad020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]}}}