{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:03:13Z","timestamp":1784120593846,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Laws concerning the growing, selling and consuming of cannabis and its related products have been changing considerably over the last few years. The legalization of hemp in 2018 sparked an interest in \u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u22069-THC) isomers and analogs that are derived from hemp and sold with minimal oversight. One example is \u22068-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u22068-THC). Although less potent than \u22069-THC, \u22068-THC is gaining popularity and can easily be found where cannabis-related products are sold. The Forensic Toxicology Laboratory at the University of Florida routinely tested decedents for 11-nor-\u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (\u22069-THC-acid), the primary metabolite of \u22069-THC. Urine samples from \u223c900 decedents were received by the laboratory between mid-November 2021 and mid-March 2022 and subjected to CEDIA\u2122 immunoassay testing. Subsequent confirmation of 194 presumptive positive samples was performed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. A peak eluting immediately after \u22069-THC-acid was identified as 11-nor-\u22068-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (\u22068-THC-acid), a metabolite of \u22068-THC, in 26 of those samples (13%). Six of the samples were positive for \u22068-THC-acid only. Other toxicological findings were consistent with poly-drug use including fentanyl\/fentanyl analogs, ethanol, cocaine and methamphetamine. There has been an emergence of \u22068-THC use as indicated by the presence of \u22068-THC-acid in 26 of 194 presumptive positive cases during a four-month period. The majority of individuals were White males with a history of drug and\/or alcohol use. \u22069-THC-acid, as well as other drugs, was often present. Given the psychoactive potential and availability of \u22068-THC, monitoring \u22068-THC-acid in decedents is important to characterize the risk and prevalence of \u22068-THC use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T12:48:33Z","timestamp":1680871713000},"page":"481-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identification of 11-nor-\u22068-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Postmortem Urine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele M","family":"Crosby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa , 401 W. Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"},{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T","family":"Truver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris W","family":"Chronister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M","family":"Kinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara C","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A","family":"Goldberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , 4800 SW 35th Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051922405088300_R1","article-title":"Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Act), One Hundred Fifteenth Congress of the United States of America","author":"The Senate and House of Representatives of the USA","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023051922405088300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103557","article-title":"Public interest in \u22068-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) increased in US states that restricted \u22069-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) use","volume":"101","author":"Leas","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"2023051922405088300_R3","article-title":"Conversion of CBD to delta8-THC and delta9-THC","volume-title":"United States Patent Application Publication, US 2004\/0143126 A1","author":"Webster","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023051922405088300_R4","article-title":"Controlled Substances\u2014Alphabetical Order","author":"Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023051922405088300_R5","article-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Response on Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol to the Alabama Board of Pharmacy (ALBOP) {Letter}","author":"Boos","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023051922405088300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306499","article-title":"The hemp loophole: a need to clarify the legality of delta-8-THC and other hemp-derived tetrahydrocannabinol compounds, 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