{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:38:16Z","timestamp":1781584696295,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In recent years, the emergence of the novel designer benzodiazepine 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam has presented a new challenge for forensic laboratories by interfering with the identification and quantitation of alprazolam. As an isomer of alprazolam, 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam has similar physicochemical properties and can be misidentified in casework samples as alprazolam without a specific method to differentiate the two analytes. Starting in late 2021, the Houston Forensic Science Center (HFSC) received toxicological and seized drug evidence indicating the presence of 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam. An interference study was performed to supplement the laboratory\u2019s validated benzodiazepines method for toxicological samples to differentiate alprazolam from 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam. This study showed that while the isomers could not be chromatographically resolved using the current method, they could be differentiated based on their retention times relative to the internal standard, alprazolam-d5. Based on these findings, the HFSC toxicology laboratory reports test results as \u201cunsuitable for analysis due to an interference\u201d if a suspected alprazolam peak elutes before the alprazolam-d5 peak, even if all identification and quantification criteria (e.g., retention time) were acceptable. Additionally, the seized drug and toxicology laboratories re-evaluated previously analyzed alprazolam-positive casework to determine if suspected 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam had been misidentified as alprazolam. This report presents three cases: one case with toxicological evidence indicating the presence of both 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam and alprazolam, and two cases with both seized drug material and toxicology evidence indicating the presence of 4\u02b9chloro deschloroalprazolam with no detected alprazolam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T14:50:10Z","timestamp":1690987810000},"page":"680-684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Interference of\u00a0the novel designer benzodiazepine 4\u02b9-chloro deschloroalprazolam with alprazolam analysis in\u00a0toxicology and\u00a0seized drug DUID casework"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-4303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jami D","family":"Reber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corissa","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5798-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Forensic Science Center , 500 Jefferson St., 13th Floor, Houston, TX 77002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110617122988500_R1","article-title":"NFLIS-Drug 2021 Annual Report","volume-title":"US Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division","author":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R2","article-title":"Benzodiazepines","volume-title":"US Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division","author":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02352-7","article-title":"The adulterated XANAX pill: a fatal intoxication with etizolam and\u00a0caffeine","volume":"134","author":"Kolbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa070","article-title":"Flualprazolam blood concentrations in\u00a0197 forensic investigation cases","volume":"45","author":"Papsun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab105","article-title":"Driving under the influence of\u00a0Flualprazolam: 10 case reports","volume":"46","author":"Mercurio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3325","article-title":"The alprazolam analogue 4\u2032-chloro deschloroalprazolam identified in\u00a0seized capsules","volume":"14","author":"Trigg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R7","article-title":"NFLIS-Drug Snapshot September 2022","volume-title":"US Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division","author":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R8","article-title":"The Increasing Scope of\u00a0Designer Benzodiazepines: Details on\u00a04\u02b9-Chloro Deschloroalprazolam and\u00a0Clonazolam","volume-title":"SOFT ToxTalk","author":"Ellefsen","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R9","article-title":"4\u02b9Cl-Deschloroalprazolam NPS Discovery","volume-title":"CFSRE","author":"Krotulski","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023110617122988500_R10","article-title":"Standard Practices for\u00a0Method Validation in\u00a0Forensic Toxicology. 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