{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:17:41Z","timestamp":1790360261192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Oral fluid (OF) is a valuable specimen for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) applications. This study demonstrates the implementation of the first comprehensive OF drug testing program in the United States, including approved roadside screening OF devices for law enforcement and validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS) confirmation methods. Three roadside OF screening devices were evaluated: the Dr\u00e4ger DrugTest\u00ae 5000, Abbott SoToxa\u00ae, and Randox Evidence MultiSTAT\u2122. Two qualitative LC\u2013MS-MS confirmation methods were validated per ASB Standard 036. The first method utilized an automated dispersive pipette extraction extraction using Integra and Hamilton STARlet platforms for drugs of abuse. The second method used a liquid\u2013liquid extraction to detect cannabinoids. The prevalence of drugs in blood and OF was monitored over 5 years of casework. Calibration curves were analyzed with each batch to monitor OF concentrations for research purposes. Three roadside OF screening devices were deemed fit for purpose. Devices demonstrated appropriate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy above 80% for targeted drugs except for benzodiazepines (DrugTest\u00ae 5000) and amphetamine (SoToxa\u00ae). The validated LC\u2013MS-MS OF confirmation methods met the National Safety Council-recommended cutoffs for 18\/21 (86%) of the targets. Over 5 years of casework, THC and cocaine were detected at a positivity rate of 90% and 97% in OF versus 75% and 44% in blood, respectively. OF:blood ratios exceeded unity for parent drugs. Median concentrations of THC in OF and blood were 31 and 3.5\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. OF is a viable alternative or supplemental specimen for DUID investigations. Collecting OF close to the driving event increases the opportunity to identify pharmacologically active substances, and when combined with blood analysis results, an elevated OF:blood ratio provides valuable information for DUID investigation purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:16:30Z","timestamp":1690881390000},"page":"694-702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Implementation of\u00a0the first comprehensive state oral fluid drug testing program for\u00a0roadside screening and\u00a0laboratory testing in\u00a0DUID cases\u2014A 5-year review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0620-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curt E","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason S","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics , 10101 Renner Blvd, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Tidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Boswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Liu","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette J","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110617122533100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2196\/16688","article-title":"Social media interventions for\u00a0risky drinking among adolescents and\u00a0emerging adults: protocol for\u00a0a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Bonar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Research Protocols"},{"key":"2023110617122533100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2020.1810244","article-title":"Impaired driving among rural female drug-involved offenders","volume":"21","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"2023110617122533100_R3","article-title":"Drug prevalence among seriously or fatally injured road users. 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