{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:18:43Z","timestamp":1788279523361,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Few studies support the usage of &amp;lt;1% nominal sodium fluoride (NaF) to preserve ethanol in antemortem blood. Of these studies, several are limited by short study durations of 90\u2009days or less, and there is limited research of authentic samples preserved with &amp;lt;1% NaF. In this retrospective analysis, data from initial and reanalysis testing of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in antemortem blood collected in 6\u2009mL gray-top tubes (providing 0.25% nominal NaF) has been compiled, to evaluate changes in ethanol concentration that occurred after periods of refrigerated storage. The time between initial and reanalysis was determined by court request(s), and ranged 0.30\u20133.93\u2009years. In each case, a previously unopened tube was selected for reanalysis testing. Comparable BAC values were found from initial testing, with BACs ranging from 0.025 to 0.394\u2009g\/100\u2009mL, and reanalysis testing, with BACs ranging from 0.021 to 0.393\u2009g\/100\u2009mL. Ethanol changes ranged from \u22120.013\u2009g\/100\u2009mL (decrease) to 0.008\u2009g\/100\u2009mL (increase). BAC reanalysis values that increased (n\u2009=\u20096) were within the uncertainty of measurement (UM) from the initial BAC test, that is, were not statistically or analytically significant. For BAC decreases (n\u2009=\u200929), four test values exceeded the UM of the original test, with BAC losses ranging from 0.004 to 0.011\u2009g\/100\u2009mL (relative percent changes 6.5\u201316.0% loss). The average ethanol change was \u22120.004\u2009g\/100\u2009mL, which is comparable to or less than ethanol losses from studies using 1% NaF preservative of varying temperature and storage duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkad053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T19:52:32Z","timestamp":1691697152000},"page":"636-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparisons of\u00a0blood alcohol concentrations between initial testing and\u00a0reanalysis from unopened tubes preserved with 0.25% NaF following refrigerated storage up to 3.93 years"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4978-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L","family":"Olds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Worth Police Department Crime Laboratory , 3616 East Lancaster Ave., Fort Worth, TX 76103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091515445556000_R1","article-title":"Manual for\u00a0analysis of\u00a0ethanol in\u00a0biological liquids","volume-title":"Final Report","author":"Dubowski","year":"1977"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14796","article-title":"Large-scale reanalysis of\u00a0refrigerated antemortem blood samples for\u00a0ethanol content at random intervals","volume":"66","author":"Kosecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.11.1959","article-title":"Effect of\u00a0short-term storage conditions on\u00a0alcohol concentrations in\u00a0blood from living human subjects","volume":"29","author":"Winek","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14632","article-title":"Statistical comparisons of\u00a0blood alcohol samples from 6-ml and\u00a010-ml grey-top tubes","volume":"66","author":"Olds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15172","article-title":"Statistical comparisons of\u00a00.08 g\/100 ml fortified blood alcohol samples from 6-ml and\u00a010-ml gray-top tubes","volume":"68","author":"Olds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.7.420","article-title":"Comparison of\u00a0ethanol and\u00a0other drugs of\u00a0abuse concentrations in\u00a0whole blood stored in\u00a0venoject glass and\u00a0plastic and\u00a0venosafe plastic evacuated tubes","volume":"34","author":"Karinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.7.505","article-title":"Comparison among plasma, serum, and\u00a0whole blood ethanol concentrations: impact of\u00a0storage conditions and\u00a0collection tubes","volume":"32","author":"Penetar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R8","first-page":"337","article-title":"The effect of\u00a0heat on\u00a0blood samples containing alcohol","author":"Glover","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv061","article-title":"Comparison of\u00a0immediate and\u00a0delayed blood alcohol concentration testing","volume":"39","author":"Vance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.04.012","article-title":"A study of\u00a0blood alcohol stability in\u00a0forensic antemortem blood samples","volume":"211","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv037","article-title":"Long-term blood alcohol stability in\u00a0forensic antemortem whole blood samples","volume":"39","author":"Tiscione","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2016.02.002","article-title":"Decreases in\u00a0blood ethanol concentrations during storage at 4\u00b0C for\u00a012 months were the same for\u00a0specimens kept in\u00a0glass or plastic tubes","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Practical Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14984","article-title":"Testing antemortem blood samples for\u00a0ethanol after four to seven years of\u00a0refrigerated storage","volume":"67","author":"Kosecki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111001","article-title":"Re-analysis of\u00a0suspected DWI blood samples for\u00a0ethanol: a Texas case study","volume":"328","author":"Frontz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2023091515445556000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.289","article-title":"Are changes in\u00a0blood-ethanol concentration during storage analytically significant? 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