{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:18:05Z","timestamp":1786947485103,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In 2018, Canada introduced roadside oral fluid (OF) screening devices, called Approved Drug Screening Equipment (ADSE), as an investigative tool in impaired driving investigations to detect tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine and\/or methamphetamine in drivers. In this work, we compare the detection and concentration of THC in blood samples collected from suspected impaired drivers that tested positive at the roadside for THC on an ADSE. The two ADSEs that were utilized were the Dr\u00e4ger DrugTest\u00ae 5000 (DDT) and the Abbott SoToxa\u2122 (SoToxa), both configured with a THC OF concentration cut-off concentration of 25\u2009ng\/mL. Blood samples were screened for cannabinoids using immunoassay and positive results were followed up by confirmation\/quantitation of THC by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS-MS). A total of 230 cases were available where a blood sample was collected from a suspected impaired driver subsequent to a positive THC screen result on an ADSE. The blood samples were taken an average of 1.4\u2009hours (range = 9\u2009minutes to 3.2\u2009hours) after the ADSE test. THC was confirmed in 98% of blood samples with concentrations across all samples ranging from not detected (cut = off 0.5\u2009ng\/mL) to greater than 20\u2009ng\/mL. Further, 90% of the blood samples had a THC concentration of 2.0\u2009ng\/mL (the lower per se limit in Canada) or greater. A positive ADSE test of a suspected impaired driver may predict that the driver has a detectable level of THC in their blood, and there is a high likelihood that the THC blood concentration is 2.0\u2009ng\/mL or higher. Hence, ADSE may be a useful tool for law enforcement and aid in the development of grounds to believe that a driver is operating a conveyance with a THC concentration exceeding Canadian per se limits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T07:40:21Z","timestamp":1707723621000},"page":"165-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the Canadian approved drug screening equipment cut-off levels for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9859-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Copley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police, National Forensic Laboratory Services , 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Filbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police, National Forensic Laboratory Services , 15707 - 118th Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kali","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police, National Forensic Laboratory Services , 15707 - 118th Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032816483680700_R1","article-title":"Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, Part VIII.1","author":"Government of Canada"},{"key":"2024032816483680700_R2","article-title":"Blood Drug Concentration Regulations","author":"Government of Canada"},{"key":"2024032816483680700_R3","article-title":"Criminal Code, R.S.C., 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