{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:45:31Z","timestamp":1792057531082,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ-2020-17294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ-2020-17294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ-2020-17294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ-2020-17294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Due to the increase in the use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and their overall prevalence, it is important to have effective and reliable screening technologies to detect NPS in biological matrices. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are among the most popular screening methods. To evaluate the effectiveness of ELISA for NPS detection, five subclasses of NPS (novel synthetic opioids, fentanyl analogs, stimulants, benzodiazepines and hallucinogens) were evaluated in whole blood for their cross-reactivity on commercially available ELISA kits. A variety of novel synthetic opioids were tested at concentrations of 1\u201380\u2009ng\/mL and 50\u20132000\u2009ng\/mL and demonstrated no cross-reactivity to a morphine ELISA plate at either concentration range. Fentanyl analogs were tested at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1\u2009ng\/mL and had cross-reactivities ranging from 8% to 178% on the fentanyl ELISA kit used. Both para-chloro fentanyl (178%) and acryl fentanyl (164%) showed cross-reactivities well above that of fentanyl. Novel stimulants were tested at concentrations of 0.5\u201340\u2009ng\/mL and 20\u20132,000\u2009ng\/mL. 4-Fluoroamphetamine was the only novel stimulant with cross-reactivity (3,354%) to the amphetamine ELISA plate. Novel benzodiazepines were tested at concentrations of 1\u201340\u2009ng\/mL on a benzodiazepine plate. Cross-reactivities ranged from 36.1% to 263%, with desalkylflurazepam having the highest cross-reactivity. Finally, novel hallucinogens were tested at concentrations of 0.5\u201310\u2009ng\/mL on a phencyclidine (PCP) ELISA plate, which produced no cross-reactivity and then with 10\u20131,000\u2009ng\/mL, which gave results from 56.6% to 151%. Both hydroxy-PCP (151%) and chloro-PCP (137%) showed cross-reactivities above that of PCP. This research has demonstrated the utility of using ELISA-based screening for novel benzodiazepines, hallucinogens and for fentanyl analogs; however, there is limited application and risk of false-negative results for the other drug classes due to low or non-existent cross-reactivities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T13:54:40Z","timestamp":1709906080000},"page":"191-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluating cross-reactivity of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in human whole blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3011-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Cieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L A","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mastrovito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry K","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"},{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032816483694800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/d30739c2-en","article-title":"World Drug Report, 2013","author":"United Nations and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Schifano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R3","article-title":"Current NPS Threats","author":"United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R4","article-title":"Current NPS Threats Volume IV","author":"United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1094591","article-title":"The new designer drug wave: a clinical, toxicological, and legal analysis","volume":"47","author":"Abbott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.260","article-title":"Abuse of new psychoactive substances: threats and solutions","volume":"41","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024032816483694800_R7","first-page":"12938","article-title":"Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of 10 synthetic cathinones into Schedule I. 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