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Ketamine is one of the oldest NPS, with therapeutic use in human and veterinary medicine authorized in several countries, being metabolized mainly into norketamine and 6-hydroxy-norketamine. Furthermore, two structural analogues of ketamine have recently been identified, deschloroketamine and 2-fluorodeschloroketamine, marketed as drugs of abuse. To comply with Green Analytical Toxicology (GAT) fundamentals, miniaturized techniques such as dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME) were employed to determine toxicants in biological fluids. An analytical method for determining ketamine, its metabolites and its analogues in oral fluid was fully developed and validated by using DLLME and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The extraction parameters were optimized by multivariate analysis, obtaining the best conditions with 200\u2009\u03bcL of sample, 100\u2009\u03bcL of methanol as dispersive solvent and 50\u2009\u03bcL of chloroform as extractor solvent. Linearity was obtained from 10 to 1,000\u2009ng\/mL, with limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at 10\u2009ng\/mL. Imprecision (% relative standard deviation) and bias (%) were less than 8.2% and 9.5%, respectively. The matrix effect did not exceed 10.6%, and the recovery values varied from 24% to 42%. No matrix interference and good selectivity in the evaluation of 10 different sources of oral fluid and 42 drugs at 500\u2009ng\/mL, respectively, were observed. The method was applied in the analysis of 29 authentic oral fluid samples and had its green characteristic evaluated by three different tools: the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), the Analytical Eco-Scale and the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T08:44:51Z","timestamp":1708332291000},"page":"332-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Green Analytical Toxicology procedure for determination of ketamine, its metabolites and analogues in oral fluid samples using dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction (DLLME)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Ribeiro Ibiapina Leit\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-887,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-888,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Costalonga","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-887,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-888,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5758-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Martinelli Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-888,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-871,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Zorr\u00f3n","family":"Berlinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-888,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-871,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luiz","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-888,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, SP 13083-871,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041420032550700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.02.018","article-title":"Chemical identification of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB)","volume":"173","author":"da Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2026041420032550700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.04.039","article-title":"A validated GC\u2013MS method for ketamine and norketamine in hair and its use in authentic cases","volume":"301","author":"Matey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2026041420032550700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621 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