{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:31Z","timestamp":1786947271082,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The general use of cocaine is increasing in recent years, while the trend for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is less clear. The relationship between blood concentrations and impairment is poorly understood, which complicates interpretation. The aims of this study were to report prevalence and blood concentrations of cocaine and MDMA in drugged drivers, and to investigate the relationship between blood concentrations and impairment. Samples of whole blood were collected from apprehended drivers in the period 2000\u20132022, and a clinical test of impairment (CTI) was simultaneously performed. The samples were initially analyzed for cocaine and MDMA using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (until 2009 and 2012, respectively), and later using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, cocaine was detected in 2,331 cases and MDMA in 2,569 cases. There were 377 and 85\u2009mono cases of cocaine and MDMA, respectively. In the mono cases, the median cocaine concentration was 0.09\u2009mg\/L (range: 0.02\u20131.15\u2009mg\/L), and 54% of the drivers were clinically impaired. The median MDMA concentration was 0.19\u2009mg\/L (range: 0.04\u20131.36\u2009mg\/L), and 38% were clinically impaired. There was a statistically significant difference in the median cocaine concentration between drivers assessed as not impaired (0.07\u2009mg\/L) and drivers assessed as impaired (0.10\u2009mg\/L) (P\u2009=\u20090.009). There was also a significant effect of the blood concentration of cocaine (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u20096.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.13\u201336.53, P\u2009=\u20090.036) and driving during the evening\/night-time (aOR\u2009=\u20092.17, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.34\u20133.51, P\u2009=\u20090.002) on the probability of being assessed as impaired on the CTI. No significant differences were found for MDMA. Many drivers are not assessed as impaired on a CTI following cocaine or especially MDMA use. For cocaine, a relationship between blood concentrations and impairment was demonstrated, but this could not be shown for MDMA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T10:51:21Z","timestamp":1713005481000},"page":"380-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Driving under the influence of cocaine and MDMA: Relationship between blood concentrations and results from clinical test of impairment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0684-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunhild","family":"Heide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital , P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild El\u00e9n Gjulem","family":"Jamt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital , P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Fainberg-Sandbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital , P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5se Marit Leere","family":"\u00d8iestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital , P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"H\u00f8iseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital , P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital , Forskningsveien 13, Oslo 0373,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1171 Blinderen, Oslo 0318,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110408354506300_R1","article-title":"Drug use and road safety: a policy brief","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210019545","article-title":"World Drug Report 2022","author":"United Nations Offices on Drugs and Crime","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R3","article-title":"European Drug Report 2022: trends and developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14040278","article-title":"Cocaine: an updated overview on chemistry, detection, biokinetics, and pharmacotoxicological aspects including abuse pattern","volume":"14","author":"Roque Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R5","article-title":"Cocaine and crack drug profile","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R6","article-title":"Driving under the influence of drugs: correlation between blood psychoactive drug concentrations and cognitive impairment. A narrative review taking into account forensic issues","volume":"4","author":"Blandino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Synergy"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs\u2014an update Part I: epidemiological studies","volume":"27","author":"Gjerde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Science Review"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00009","article-title":"Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition","volume":"26","author":"de la Torre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.351","article-title":"Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research","volume":"16","author":"Parrott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R10","article-title":"MDMA (\u201cEcstasy\u201d) drug profile","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction."},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R11","article-title":"Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents (2nd Ed.)","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R12","article-title":"Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines in Europe \u2014 findings from the DRUID project","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R13","article-title":"Rusmiddelstatistikk. Funn i blodpr\u00f8ver hos bilf\u00f8rere mistenkt for rusp\u00e5virket kj\u00f8ring 2022","author":"Oslo University Hospital.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0677-0","article-title":"Testing for benzodiazepine inebriation\u2014relationship between benzodiazepine concentration and simple clinical tests for impairment in a sample of drugged drivers","volume":"59","author":"Bramness","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology."},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.5.280","article-title":"Drug screening of whole blood by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"\u00d8iestad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.06.050","article-title":"Determination of 12 commonly found compounds in DUID cases in whole blood using fully automated supported liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"1093-1094","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/17.2.65","article-title":"Determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in blood by derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride and gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Gjerde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000248","article-title":"Extended detection of amphetamine and methamphetamine in oral fluid","volume":"38","author":"And\u00e5s","year":"2016","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.12.052","article-title":"Determination of opiates and cocaine in urine by high pH mobile phase reversed phase UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"877","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.038","article-title":"Drugged driving arrests in Norway before and after the implementation of per se law","volume":"245","author":"Vindenes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.11.009","article-title":"Concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in blood samples from apprehended drivers in Sweden","volume":"177","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.025","article-title":"Concentration of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers","volume":"153","author":"Augsburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.05.002","article-title":"What non-alcohol drugs are used by drinking drivers in Sweden? Toxicological results from ten years of forensic blood samples","volume":"43","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R24","article-title":"Patterns, contexts, and motivations for polysubstance use among people who inject drugs in non-urban settings in the U.S","volume":"85","author":"Valente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Northeast. International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00158.x","article-title":"Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine","volume":"97","author":"Pennings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00476-X","article-title":"Driving under the influence of alcohol and\/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995-1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation","volume":"120","author":"Smink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111081","article-title":"Suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs: cross sectional analysis of drug prevalence in the context of the Swiss legislation","volume":"329","author":"Maurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2657","article-title":"Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in whole blood and plasma following a single dose, controlled administration of intranasal cocaine","volume":"11","author":"Menzies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.52","article-title":"Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics","volume":"27","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.014","article-title":"First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland","volume":"198","author":"Senna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111325","article-title":"Drug consumption of suspected drug-influenced drivers in Hungary (2016-2018)","volume":"336","author":"Instit\u00f3ris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.202","article-title":"Driving under the influence of central stimulant amines: age and gender differences in concentrations of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy in blood","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7468-y","article-title":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites disposition in blood and plasma following controlled oral administration","volume":"406","author":"Hartman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02247124","article-title":"Effects of intranasal cocaine on human learning, performance and physiology","volume":"102","author":"Higgins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244647","article-title":"Improved performance 4 hours after cocaine","volume":"110","author":"Stillman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01522.x","article-title":"Acute effects of cocaine in two models of inhibitory control: implications of non-linear dose effects","volume":"101","author":"Fillmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.09.34091","article-title":"Driving under the influence of amphetamine and metamphetamine","volume":"129","author":"Lia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00188-6","article-title":"Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines\u2014relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers","volume":"68","author":"Bramness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.007","article-title":"Impairment due to intake of carisoprodol","volume":"74","author":"Bramness","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0561-y","article-title":"Codeine and clinical impairment in samples in which morphine is not detected","volume":"58","author":"Bachs","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology."},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580600550172","article-title":"Relationship between THC concentration in blood and impairment in apprehended drivers","volume":"7","author":"Khiabani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.11.005","article-title":"Impairment related to blood amphetamine and\/or methamphetamine concentrations in suspected drugged drivers","volume":"38","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12180","article-title":"Patterns of drug use in fatal crashes","volume":"108","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.10.649","article-title":"Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication","volume":"57","author":"Williamson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occupational & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2497-8","article-title":"MDMA (ecstasy) effects on actual driving performance before and after sleep deprivation, as function of dose and concentration in blood and oral fluid","volume":"222","author":"Bosker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200008000-00010","article-title":"Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (\u201cecstasy\u201d): psychomotor performance and subjective effects","volume":"20","author":"Cami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.1.236","article-title":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and alcohol interactions in humans: psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics","volume":"300","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1789-7","article-title":"Repeated doses administration of MDMA in humans: pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics","volume":"173","author":"Farr\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881103174015","article-title":"Dissociable effects of a single dose of ecstasy (MDMA) on psychomotor skills and attentional performance","volume":"17","author":"Lamers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacolgy"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0679-6","article-title":"Acute effects of nocturnal doses of MDMA on measures of impulsivity and psychomotor performance throughout the night","volume":"192","author":"Kuypers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1714-5","article-title":"Effects of MDMA (ecstasy), and multiple drugs use on (simulated) driving performance and traffic safety","volume":"173","author":"Brookhuis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01566.x","article-title":"Stimulant effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) 75 mg and methylphenidate 20 mg on actual driving during intoxication and withdrawal","volume":"101","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.08.017","article-title":"The acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methamphetamine on driving: a simulator study","volume":"45","author":"Stough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0434-z","article-title":"MDMA and alcohol effects, combined and alone, on objective and subjective measures of actual driving performance and psychomotor function","volume":"187","author":"Kuypers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2537-4","article-title":"Effects of alcohol (BAC 0.5\u2030) and ecstasy (MDMA 100 mg) on simulated driving performance and traffic safety","volume":"222","author":"Veldstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024110408354506300_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.025","article-title":"Examining the effect of dl-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests","volume":"220","author":"Downey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkae024\/57228747\/bkae024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/48\/5\/380\/60385989\/bkae024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/48\/5\/380\/60385989\/bkae024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T08:36:12Z","timestamp":1730709372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/48\/5\/380\/7645270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkae024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]}}}