{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:38:18Z","timestamp":1781584698147,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Drug-impaired driving is an increasing public safety concern across Canada, particularly due to the demonstrated increase in use of recreational drugs such as cocaine. Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant drug; however, it can impair an individual\u2019s driving ability in both the stimulant and crash phases. Despite the scientific consensus regarding cocaine\u2019s potential for driving impairment, there is relatively little information available regarding blood concentrations and associated observations of impairment in suspected impaired drivers. Retrospective data analysis was performed to evaluate suspected impaired driving cases in which cocaine and\/or benzoylecgonine were detected alone, or in combination with other drugs, in blood and urine samples submitted to the Toxicology Section of the Centre of Forensic Sciences with incident dates between 2021 and 2022. Cocaine and\/or benzoylecgonine were detected in 46% (blood) and 66% (urine) of the total impaired driving samples submitted. In 41 cases where cocaine and\/or benzoylecgonine were the only drug finding in blood, concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine ranged from 0.0073 to 0.26\u2009mg\/L (mean 0.096\u2009mg\/L) and 0.13 to 5.3\u2009mg\/L (mean 2.1\u2009mg\/L), respectively. Driving observations reported by the arresting officer in cases where cocaine and\/or benzoylecgonine were the only drug finding in blood and urine included the driver being involved in a collision, the vehicle leaving the roadway, erratic driving and the driver being asleep at the wheel; observations of drug impairment reported by the drug recognition expert at the time of driver evaluation included abnormal speech patterns, poor balance\/incoordination, abnormal body movements and the individual falling asleep. The results provide concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine observed in suspected impaired drivers, insight into observations that may be associated with prior cocaine use and additional information to inform on the effects of cocaine on driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T18:52:01Z","timestamp":1713811921000},"page":"447-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A two-year review of cocaine findings in impaired driving investigations in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8072-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Currie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Section, Centre of Forensic Sciences , 25 Morton Shulman Ave, Toronto, ON M3M 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Lamparter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Section, Centre of Forensic Sciences , 25 Morton Shulman Ave, Toronto, ON M3M 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Gosselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University , 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University , 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071314513093300_R1","article-title":"Impaired Driving in Canada, 2019","author":"Statistics Canada"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R2","article-title":"The Daily\u2014Stimulants in the wastewater of Canadian cities: provisional results, January 2022 to May 2023","author":"Statistics Canada"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.1984.9939580","article-title":"Cocaine use among the college age group: biological and psychological effects\u2014clinical and laboratory research findings","volume":"32","author":"Nicholi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00006","article-title":"Mechanism of cocaine-induced hyperthermia in humans","volume":"36","author":"Crandall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016469","article-title":"Repeated dosing with oral cocaine in humans: assessment of direct effects, withdrawal, and pharmacokinetics","volume":"17","author":"Walsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R6","first-page":"509","article-title":"Cocaine-induced psychosis","volume":"52","author":"Brady","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cocaine use and driving behavior","volume":"3","author":"Siegel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alcohol, Drugs & Driving"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.11.009","article-title":"Concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in blood samples from apprehended drivers in Sweden","volume":"177","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R9","article-title":"Drug monographs: cocaine. 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C-46)\u20142023 Version","author":"Justice Laws Website\/Government of Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R13","article-title":"Drug Evaluation and Classification Program\u20142021 Version","author":"Canadian Centre on Substance and Addiction","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R14","article-title":"Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms 2007-2022","author":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105832","article-title":"Drugs and driving prior to cannabis legalization: a 5-year review from DECP (DRE) cases in the Province of Quebec, Canada","volume":"149","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"2024071314513093300_R16","article-title":"Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets (Revised). 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