{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:33Z","timestamp":1787009073453,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kratom is a natural psychoactive product known primarily in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, etc. It is also known as krathom, kakuam, ithang, thom (Thailand), biak-biak, ketum (Malaysia) and mambog (Philippines) and is sometimes used as an opium substitute. It is stimulant at doses of 1\u20135\u2009g, analgesic at doses of 5\u201315\u2009g and euphoric and sedative at doses of &amp;gt;15\u2009g. Mitragynine is the most abundant indole compound in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and is metabolized in humans to 7-hydroxymitragynine, the more active metabolite. Adverse effects include seizures, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, restlessness, tremors, hallucinations and death. There are few studies on the analytical method for the detection of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in hair. Therefore, this study proposes a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS-MS) method for the analysis of kratom in hair. Hair samples were first weighed to \u223c10\u2009mg and washed with methanol. Then the washed hair samples were cut into pieces and incubated in methanol with stirring and heating (16\u2009h\/38\u2103). Extracts were then analyzed by LC\u2013MS-MS. This method was validated by determining the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification, linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision, recovery and matrix effects. The intra- and inter-day precision (CV%) and accuracy (bias%) were within \u00b120%, which was considered acceptable. Using this newly developed LC\u2013MS-MS method, the simultaneous detection of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in six authentic hair samples was achieved to provide the direct evidence of kratom use in the past. Mitragynine concentrations ranged from 16.0 to 2,067\u2009pg\/mg (mean 905.3\u2009pg\/mg), and 7-hydroxymitragynine concentrations ranged from 0.34 to 15\u2009pg\/mg (mean 7.4\u2009pg\/mg) in six authentic hair samples from kratom abusers. This may be due to the higher sensitivity of the LOD in this study, with values of 0.05\u2009pg\/mg for mitragynine and 0.2\u2009pg\/mg for 7-hydroxymitragynine in hair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T17:11:22Z","timestamp":1716311482000},"page":"429-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LC\u2013MS-MS method for mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in hair and its application in authentic hair samples of suspected kratom abusers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongsook","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology & Narcotics Division, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute , 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilchung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology & Narcotics Division, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute , 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology & Narcotics Division, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute , 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juseun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department, National Forensic Service , 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26460, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byungsuk","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department, National Forensic Service , 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26460, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology & Narcotics Division, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute , 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7876-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meejung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology & Narcotics Division, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute , 139 Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Department, National Forensic Service , 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26460, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071314513274600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2746","article-title":"Development, validation, and application of an LC\u2013MS\/MS method for mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine analysis in hair","volume":"12","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2024071314513274600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-009-0070-5","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant \u201ckratom\u201d (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS","volume":"27","author":"Kikura-Hanajiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicology"},{"key":"2024071314513274600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2604","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of ten key Kratom alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa leaf extracts and commercial products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2024071314513274600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464094","article-title":"Kratom: the analytical challenge of an emerging herbal drug","volume":"1703","author":"Citti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography A"},{"key":"2024071314513274600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123316","article-title":"Development and validation of a gradient HPLC-UV method for mitragynine following in vitro skin permeation studies","volume":"1204","author":"Sim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography 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