{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:15:03Z","timestamp":1786947303618,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Xylazine exposure is common in some US cities, but a commercial assay for routine laboratory testing for xylazine is not currently available. We evaluated a pre-release version of the ARK Diagnostics immunoassay for qualitative detection of xylazine\/4-hydroxyxylazine in urine. Studies were conducted using either the semi-quantitative assay application (A. Roche Cobas 503 analyzer) or the qualitative assay application (B. Beckman Coulter AU480 analyzer). Study specimens consisted of deidentified patient urine samples submitted for routine drugs-of-abuse testing. Measurements of xylazine (X) were performed by LC\u2013MS\u2013MS to obtain X-NEGATIVE (X\u2009&amp;lt;10\u2009ng\/mL) and X-POSITIVE (X\u2009\u226510\u2009ng\/mL). The semi-quantitative ARK assay was calibrated with a 10\u2009ng\/mL cutoff for ARK-POSITVE. For (A): among 74 X-POSITIVE samples, there was 1 ARK-NEGATIVE result (false-negative rate\u2009=\u20091.4%); among 78 X-NEGATIVE samples by LC\u2013MS\u2013MS, there were 0% ARK-POSITIVE results (false-positive rate\u2009=\u20090%). For (B), among 74 X-POSITIVE samples, there were 0 ARK-NEGATIVE results (false-negative rate\u2009=\u20090%); among 78 X-NEGATIVE samples there was 1 ARK-POSITIVE sample (false-positive rate\u2009=\u20091.3%). Common sources of interferences were investigated without evidence of interference. The ARK xylazine\/4-OH-xylazine immunoassay was found to be suitable for routine use in screening patient urine samples for presence of xylazine &amp;gt;10\u2009ng\/mL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T19:10:26Z","timestamp":1716923426000},"page":"468-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the ARK Diagnostics immunoassay for qualitative detection of xylazine in urine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Patrick B","family":"Kyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Mattiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital , 117 S 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital , 117 S 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne M","family":"Toohey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital , 117 S 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren R","family":"Korn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital , 117 S 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Saldana-Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas F","family":"Stickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Jefferson University Hospital , 117 S 11th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071314513074500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.07.010","article-title":"High prevalence of xylazine among fentanyl screen-positive urines from hospitalized patients, Philadelphia, 2021","volume":"521","author":"Korn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.20045","article-title":"Warning about xylazine, a veterinary sedative found in illicit drugs","volume":"328","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R3","first-page":"7337","article-title":"Pharmacology and toxicology of xylazine: Quid novum?","volume":"27","author":"Malaca","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001264","article-title":"Xylazine use among people who inject drugs, Philadelphia 2022","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.231603","article-title":"Xylazine in the illicit opioid supply","volume":"196","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00959-2","article-title":"Xylazine co-occurrence with illicit fentanyl is a growing threat in the deep south: a retrospective study of decedent data","volume":"21","author":"Bradford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306881","article-title":"Xylazine and overdoses: trends, concerns, and recommendations","volume":"112","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241231114","article-title":"Xylazine and adulterants in the evolving drug supply: urgent call for responsive education models","volume":"45","author":"Jawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Substance Use & Addiction Journal"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80608-5","article-title":"Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine drug screens","volume":"17","author":"Nice","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2063135","article-title":"Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Ball","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000955","article-title":"Management of xylazine withdrawal in a hospitalized patient: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Ehrman-Dupre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"2024071314513074500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfad119","article-title":"Not carfentanil - a case of unexpected xylazine detection","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Laboratory 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