{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T19:25:04Z","timestamp":1740165904133,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009931","name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E20220371-00 E20232192-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20220371-00 E20232192-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009931","name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E20220371-00 E20232192-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20220371-00 E20232192-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Occasionally, obtaining an adequate or acceptable postmortem blood specimen for drug analysis is not possible due to factors such as decomposition, exsanguination, or embalming. Submandibular salivary gland tissue, one of three major types of salivary gland tissue in the oral cavity of humans, has been reported to be a viable alternative postmortem specimen for toxicological testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the Randox Evidence Investigator instrument and Randox DOA (Drugs of Abuse) Ultra Whole Blood Array for the semi-quantitative determination of 21 immunoassays in an alternative matrix, submandibular salivary gland tissue. We analyzed 132 submandibular salivary gland tissue specimens and compared the generated results to concomitantly collected postmortem whole blood specimen results. Oxycodone 2, meprobamate, barbiturate, benzodiazepine assay 1, zolpidem, and buprenorphine all showed perfect agreement (Cohen\u2019s kappa score\u2009=\u20091.00) between the submandibular salivary gland tissue results and the postmortem whole blood results; dextromethorphan, fentanyl, benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine, tricyclic antidepressants, oxycodone 1, and opiate showed an almost perfect agreement (Cohen\u2019s kappa score\u2009=\u20090.81\u20130.99); methadone, generic opioids, and amphetamine exhibited substantial agreement (Cohen\u2019s kappa score\u2009=\u20090.61\u20130.80). Tramadol demonstrated fair agreement (Cohen\u2019s kappa score\u2009=\u20090.41\u20130.60). The lowest measure of agreement was observed with cannabinoids, meeting criteria for slight agreement (Cohen\u2019s kappa score\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.20). An application of the techniques described in this study could be implemented in postmortem toxicology laboratories as well as medical examiners offices to provide preliminary drugs of abuse test results that can be used to direct additional testing. This study highlights the successful integration of a novel specimen matrix and an \u201coff-label\u201d use of an established analytical technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T22:31:24Z","timestamp":1723588284000},"page":"591-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of 132 submandibular salivary glands using the Randox Evidence Investigator and Randox DOA ULTRA WB array"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1517-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Western Michigan University Home Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed) , Kalamazoo, MI 49008,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph A","family":"Prahlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine and the Office of the Medical Examiner\u2014City of St. Louis , St. Louis, MO 63103,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Grieger-Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Randox Laboratories\u2014US Ltd. , Kearneysville, WV 25430,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajeswari","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Western Michigan University Home Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed) , Kalamazoo, MI 49008,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Prentiss","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Western Michigan University Home Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed) , Kalamazoo, MI 49008,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110407431782900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1081\/clt-120018270","article-title":"Post-mortem toxicology: what the dead can and cannot tell us","volume":"41","author":"Leikin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2024110407431782900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1238-7","article-title":"Requirements for bioanalytical procedures in postmortem toxicology","volume":"388","author":"Drummer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2024110407431782900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/s1344-6223(99)80018-2","article-title":"Pericardial fluid as an alternative specimen to blood for postmortem toxicological 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