{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:25:01Z","timestamp":1788866701992,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ-2020-17294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ-2020-17294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ-2020-17294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ-2020-17294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Drug-impaired driving is a significant public health and safety concern in the USA. To help assess current patterns of drug use in drivers, we evaluated 4\u2009years of drug positivity in a large cohort of suspected impaired drivers. Samples collected between January 2017 and December 2020 were tested via a method compliant with the National Safety Council\u2019s Alcohol, Drugs, and Impairment Division\u2019s Tier I scope of recommended drugs. In 2017, NMS Labs received 17\u2009346 driving under the influence of drugs cases, 17\u2009471 in 2018, 19\u2009050 in 2019, and 16\u2009539 in 2020. The most common drug class detected was cannabinoids in \u223c50% of the cases each year. The most common drugs detected over the 4\u2009years were delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9 THC), ethanol, amphetamine\/methamphetamine, fentanyl, and alprazolam. Delta-9 THC increased in positivity over the study, having been identified in 45% of cases in 2017, 46% in 2018, 46% in 2019, and 49% in 2020. Ethanol was found in 59% of cases in 2017, 59% in 2018, 61% in 2019, and 53% in 2020. Delta-9 THC and ethanol were the most common drug combination, found together in \u223c19% of the cases every year of the study. Statistically significant increases in the average concentration of the following drugs were observed: fentanyl (5.7\u2009ng\/mL in 2017 to 9.6\u2009ng\/mL in 2020), methamphetamine (301\u2009ng\/mL in 2017 to 381\u2009ng\/mL in 2020), and delta-9-THC (6.4\u2009ng\/mL in 2017 to 7.3\u2009ng\/mL in 2020). Other findings included increases in the maximum reported concentrations between 2017 and 2020 for amphetamine (1400 to 2700\u2009ng\/mL), methamphetamine (5550 to 13\u2009000\u2009ng\/mL), and fentanyl (56 to 310\u2009ng\/mL). Statistically significant concentration decreases were noted for several central nervous system depressants, notably prescription benzodiazepines, and several prescription narcotic analgesics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T01:41:20Z","timestamp":1726278080000},"page":"641-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Four-year evaluation of drug-impaired driving drug concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3011-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Cieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.A","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Fogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Chan-Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry K","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education , 206 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"NMS Labs , 200 Welsh Rd, Horsham, PA 19044,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111514364500300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-022-09698-1","article-title":"Changes in online illegal drug buying during COVID-19: assessing effects due to a changing market or changes in strain using a longitudinal sample design","volume":"47","author":"Hawdon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-023-00601-x","article-title":"Shifting drug markets in North America\u2014a global crisis in the making?","volume":"17","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R3","volume-title":"One for the Road: Drunk Driving since 1900","author":"Lerner","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-007-9111-y","article-title":"The standardized field sobriety tests: a review of scientific and legal issues","volume":"32","author":"Rubenzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/002580246200200103","article-title":"The breathalyzer and its applications","volume":"2","author":"Borkenstein","year":"1961","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R6","article-title":".08 BAC Legal Limit","author":"Responsibility.org"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R7","volume-title":"Countermeasures that Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide for State Highway Safety Offices","author":"Kirley","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2022.100224","article-title":"Driving under the influence of drugs: correlation between blood psychoactive drug concentrations and cognitive impairment. 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