{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:07:30Z","timestamp":1785179250201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3302003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19DZ2292700 21DZ2270800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2292700 21DZ2270800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Finance, PR China","award":["GY2022G-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY2022G-2"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3302003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19DZ2292700 21DZ2270800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2292700 21DZ2270800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Finance, PR China","award":["GY2022G-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY2022G-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Recently, etomidate has been widely used as an alternative in illicit drug market. It is usually added to regular cigarette tobacco (commonly known as \u201ccigarette powder\u201d) or mixed in e-cigarette oil sold through the Internet, retail stores, or entertainment outlets and other channels. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify etomidate and etomidate acid in human blood and urine. The limit of detection (LOD) of etomidate and etomidate acid in blood is 0.5\u2009 and 2\u2009ng\/mL, respectively, and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) is 1\u2009 and 5\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. The LOD of etomidate and etomidate acid in urine is 1 and 2\u2009ng\/mL, respectively, and the LLOQ is 2\u2009 and 5\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. The precision, accuracy, recoveries, and matrix effects of etomidate and etomidate acid determinations in blood and urine met the requirements for methodological validation. The method was successfully applied to the identification and quantification of etomidate and etomidate acid in blood and urine of 62 forensic cases. The concentration of etomidate ranged from 1.52 to 8.41\u2009ng\/mL (positive cases, n\u2009=\u20095) and the concentration of etomidate acid ranged from 2.76 to 112\u2009ng\/mL (positive cases, n\u2009=\u20095) in blood. The concentrations of etomidate and etomidate acid in urine samples were 2.64\u201379,300\u2009ng\/mL (positive cases, n\u2009=\u200959) and 6.11\u2013518,000\u2009ng\/mL (positive cases, n\u2009=\u200960), respectively. Therefore, the concentration of etomidate in blood and urine is mostly higher than that of etomidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T10:47:56Z","timestamp":1727520476000},"page":"701-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Detection of \u201csmoke powder\u201d etomidate and its metabolite etomidate acid in blood and urine by UHPLC\u2013MS-MS: application in authentic cases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Liying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Junbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Wanting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Hejian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111514364500300_R1","article-title":"A drug-crime white paper","author":"Supreme Prosecutors\u2019 Office","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(78)90117-6","article-title":"Electroencephalographic study of the short-acting hypnotics etomidate and methohexital in dogs","volume":"47","author":"Wauquier","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.13375\/j.cnki.wcjps.2017.01.031","article-title":"Determination of the related substances in ET \u201426 hydrochloride by HPLC","volume":"32","author":"Shanshan","year":"2017","journal-title":"West China J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2024111514364500300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00326a017","article-title":"DL-1-(1-Arylalkyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate esters. 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