{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:28:45Z","timestamp":1787995725794,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquida do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["2017\/18021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/18021-5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquida do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["2017\/18021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/18021-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Novel psychoactive substances continue to emerge in the marketplace and are often found as substances in traditional illicit drug materials and users are often unaware of the presence of other drugs. The proper identification and confirmation of the exposure to a drug is made possible when a biological specimen is collected and tested. Sweat is an alternative biological matrix of great interest for clinical and forensic analysis. One of the reasons is attributed to its expanded drug detection window, enabling a greater monitoring capacity, and provision of information on prospective drug use. However, the concentrations of drugs in sweat samples are often low, which requires highly sensitive and selective methods. Disposable pipette tips extraction (DPX) is a new miniaturized solid-phase extraction technique capable of efficiently extracting analytes from biological specimens, providing high recoveries, and requiring minimized solvent use. This study describes the development and optimization of two methods for the extraction of basic and neutral psychoactive substances from sweat samples using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and Design of Experiments (DoE). The following extraction parameters were optimized by DoE techniques: sample volume, elution solvent volume, washing solvent volume, sample aspiration time, elution solvent aspiration time, and number of cycles performed, including the elution step. It was possible to design a simple extraction protocol that provided optimized recoveries for both basic and neutral compounds. The sum of analyte areas increased at a rate of 54.7% for compounds of basic character and 39.2% for compounds of neutral character. Therefore, our results were satisfactory, demonstrating that DPX can be successfully used for extracting the target drugs from sweat samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T04:27:08Z","timestamp":1732076828000},"page":"104-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimization of a disposable pipette tips extraction for the analysis of psychoactive substances in sweat specimens using design of experiments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0977-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayna C\u00e2ndida","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor Luiz Caleffo Piva","family":"Big\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-4599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Geraldo","family":"de Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University , Boone, NC 28608,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Cabrices","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, G-Flo Scientific , Miramar, FL 33025,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Ruiz Brand\u00e3o da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Spinosa","family":"De Martinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto\u2014Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022411360578500_R1","article-title":"GDS 2021 Global Report \u2013 2021 version","author":"GDS \u2013 Global Drug Survey 2021"},{"key":"2025022411360578500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-021-00596-5","article-title":"Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review","volume":"40","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"key":"2025022411360578500_R3","article-title":"Refer\u00eancias ao Brasil \u2013 2013 version","author":"UNODC \u2013 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"2025022411360578500_R4","article-title":"Early Warning Advisory on NPS \u2013 2015 version","author":"UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025022411360578500_R5","article-title":"Current NPS Threats \u2013 2023 version","author":"UNODC \u2013 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"2025022411360578500_R6","article-title":"ANVISA, Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio de Atividades 2017\/2018. 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