{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T05:26:39Z","timestamp":1740461199689,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The problem of finding a suitable biomarker to widen the detection window of \u03b3-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake remains a challenge in forensic toxicology. Based on previously published results, the present study deals with the evaluation of a fatty acid ester of GHB (4-palmitoyloxy butyrate [GHB-Pal]) in whole blood as a potential biomarker to extend the detection window of GHB use, e.g. in drug-facilitated sexual assaults. A liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\u2013MS) method for the quantification of GHB-Pal in whole blood was validated. Whole blood samples were collected from subjects involed in police roadside controls (n\u2009=\u2009113) and from narcolepsy patients (n\u2009=\u200910) after the controlled administration of Xyrem\u00ae (sodium oxybate). Both sample collectives were previously tested for GHB using two different methods: ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS\u2013MS) and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). In samples from routine police casework, GHB-Pal was detected in 67 out of 113 analysed GHB-positive samples with a mean concentration of 0.8\u2009ng\/mL\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009ng\/mL (standard deviation). Among samples that were tested positive for both compounds, no linear correlation was observed between GHB and GHB-Pal concentrations (r\u2009=\u20090.508). In contrast, GHB-Pal was not detected in any of the blood samples analysed from the patients. The absence of GHB and GHB-Pal in the patient cohort may be attributed to the time interval between dose intake and blood collection (approximately 3 and 6\u2009h), during which GHB was eliminated from the body. Furthermore, GHB-Pal was only detectable at a GHB concentration of at least 16\u2009\u00b5g\/mL, which indicates that endogenous concentrations or low GHB doses may not be sufficient for GHB-Pal formation. Due to missing correlation between both compounds and the lack of GHB-Pal detection several hours after GHB administration, it can be assumed that GHB-Pal in blood is not a suitable biomarker to widen the detection window of GHB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T01:00:41Z","timestamp":1733878841000},"page":"73-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Initial evaluation of 4-palmitoyloxy butyrate in whole blood as potential biomarker after \u03b3-hydroxybutyric acid intake"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Liut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University of Bonn , Bonn 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