{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:34:28Z","timestamp":1794108868795,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) have historically been difficult compounds to analyze in forensic toxicology. The identification, detection, and quantitation of these analytes and their metabolites have been difficult due to their rapid emergence, short lifespan, and various potencies. Advancements in analytical instrumentation are fundamental to mitigating these NPS challenges by providing reliable identification and sensitivity. This review discusses the pros and cons of various analytical instruments that have played a pivotal role in NPS analysis. As analytical technology advanced, the ability to analyze for NPS became easier with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS); however, traditional immunoassays are still beneficial for some NPS classes such as benzodiazepines. Over 200 articles from 2010\u201323 were reviewed, and 180 were utilized for this review. Journal articles were categorized according to the technology used during analysis: immunoassay, gas chromatography\u2013MS, liquid chromatography\u2013MS\u2014low resolution, and liquid chromatography\u2013MS\u2014high resolution to allow for quick references based on a laboratory\u2019s technologies. Journal articles were organized in table format to outline the authors, NPS drug classes, and instrumentation used, among other important information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkae098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T15:27:52Z","timestamp":1735226872000},"page":"152-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Advances in analytical methodologies for detecting novel psychoactive substances: a review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex J","family":"Krotulski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation , Horsham, PA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists Novel Psychoactive Substances Committee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani C","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange County Crime Lab , Santa Ana, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists Novel Psychoactive Substances Committee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina R","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Travis County Medical Examiner's Office , Austin, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn B","family":"Palmquist-Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences , Houston, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Modell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Carolina Law Enforcement Division , Columbia, SC,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists Novel Psychoactive Substances Committee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svante","family":"Vikingsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Advancement and Application, RTI International , Durham, NC,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists Novel Psychoactive Substances Committee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T","family":"Truver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists Novel Psychoactive Substances 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