{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:13:17Z","timestamp":1790997197973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) consists of phospholipids synthesized in erythrocyte cell membranes in the presence of ethanol and serves as a sensitive and specific indicator of alcohol consumption. Further research on PEth formation, degradation, and stability in postmortem (PM) samples would support its routine application in forensic toxicology. A supercritical fluid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (SFC\u2013MS-MS) method was developed and validated to quantify PEth 16:0\/18:1 in blood. PEth 16:0\/18:1 was extracted from blood (0.25\u2009g) using an 8:2 (v\/v) heptane:2-propanol mixture. Method validation results met American National Standards Institute\/Academy Standards Board 036 guidelines. Recovery was &amp;gt;48%, and matrix effects were &amp;lt;20%. The linear range was 10\u20132500 ng\/g, and lower limit of quantification was 10 ng\/g. Bias was \u00b117.7%, and precision was &amp;lt;17.1% for all quality control levels. Carryover, endogenous, and exogenous interferences were negligible. Extracts were stable beyond 72\u2009hours. In a proof-of-concept study reanalyzing 35 PM case samples, PEth concentrations ranged between 32.6 to 2476 ng\/g. Short-term stability studies showed that fortified bovine blood (200 ng\/g) preserved with 0.4% sodium fluoride (NaF) stored at room temperature had a 6.6% concentration drop after 48\u2009hours, while blood stored at 4\u00b0C decreased by 13.5% over 14\u2009days. Additionally, human PEth-positive blood preserved with 0.4% NaF showed a 6.7% decrease in in vivo PEth concentrations compared to a 17.5% decrease in heparin-preserved blood after 14\u2009days at 4\u00b0C, supporting the use of 0.4% NaF in reducing PEth degradation over time. An in vitro model was also developed to simulate early PM PEth changes. Results found that PEth formation occurred in an ethanol concentration-dependent manner with minimal degradation, and considerations should be taken when interpreting PEth concentrations in cases with long PM interval, and if the decedent had a high blood alcohol concentration level and was left at elevated temperatures. This is the first SFC\u2013MS-MS method successfully developed and validated for the analysis of PEth in PM samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1741964568000},"page":"289-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 in blood using supercritical fluid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8873-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munchelou M","family":"Gomonit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University , Huntsville, TX 77340,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine , Link\u00f6ping 587 58,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britni N","family":"Skillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University , Huntsville, TX 77340,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T","family":"Truver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL 32610,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kronstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine , Link\u00f6ping 587 58,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052712334899200_R1","first-page":"1832","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in blood as a marker of ethanol consumption in healthy volunteers: comparison with other markers","volume":"22","author":"Varga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.278","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in blood (B-PEth): a marker for alcohol use and abuse","volume":"3","author":"Isaksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(02)00021-5","article-title":"Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics","volume":"140","author":"Varga","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13620","article-title":"Differences in the synthesis and elimination of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 and 16:0\/18:2 after acute doses of alcohol","volume":"42","author":"Hill-Kapturczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13062","article-title":"Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 and 16:0\/18:2 in human whole blood after alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory study","volume":"40","author":"Javors","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl027","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations in blood are correlated to reported alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"41","author":"Aradottir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1445-x","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) detected in blood for 3 to 12 days after single consumption of alcohol\u2014a drinking study with 16 volunteers","volume":"131","author":"Schr\u00f6ck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R8","first-page":"108","article-title":"Blood phosphatidylethanol as a marker of alcohol abuse: levels in alcoholic males during withdrawal","volume":"21","author":"Hansson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(00)00291-6","article-title":"Normalization rate and cellular localization of phosphatidylethanol in whole blood from chronic alcoholics","volume":"299","author":"Varga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa147","article-title":"Blood phosphatidylethanol concentrations following regular exposure to an alcohol-based mouthwash","volume":"45","author":"Reisfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab115","article-title":"Blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth) concentrations following intensive use of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer","volume":"46","author":"Reisfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.120923","article-title":"Molecular species of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol in human blood measured by LC-MS","volume":"55","author":"Helander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.09.068","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of phosphatidylethanol molecular species in human blood by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"1218","author":"Nalesso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13874","article-title":"The PEth blood test in the security environment: what it is; why it is important; and interpretative guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Ulwelling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140100206","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in post-mortem blood as a marker of previous heavy drinking","volume":"115","author":"Hansson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.09.012","article-title":"Comparison of ethyl glucuronide in hair with phosphatidylethanol in whole blood as post-mortem markers of alcohol abuse","volume":"176","author":"Bendroth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000145687.41646.E5","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanol in human organs and blood: a study on autopsy material and influences by storage conditions","volume":"28","author":"Arad\u00f3ttir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1608","article-title":"Selective detection of phosphatidylethanol homologues in blood as biomarkers for alcohol consumption by LC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"44","author":"Gnann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky010","article-title":"Stability of ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanols and fatty acid ethyl esters in postmortem human blood","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2018.11.003","article-title":"Advances of supercritical fluid chromatography in lipid profiling","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa082","article-title":"Stability of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 in freshly drawn, authentic samples from healthy volunteers","volume":"45","author":"Skr\u00e5stad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0799-y","article-title":"Stability of phosphatidylethanol species in spiked and authentic whole blood and matching dried blood spots","volume":"127","author":"Faller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2091-6-18","article-title":"Methodological modifications on quantification of phosphatidylethanol in blood from humans abusing alcohol, using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection","volume":"6","author":"Aradottir","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Biochem"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinms.2018.12.002","article-title":"Long-term stability of the alcohol consumption biomarker phosphatidylethanol in erythrocytes at \u221280\u00b0C","volume":"11","author":"Lakso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2018.03.003","article-title":"Determination of the formation rate of phosphatidylethanol by phospholipase D (PLD) in blood and test of two selective PLD inhibitors","volume":"73","author":"Schr\u00f6ck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03211-z","article-title":"Measurement of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in dried blood spots and venous blood\u2014importance of inhibition of post-sampling formation from ethanol","volume":"413","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R27","article-title":"Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology","author":"AAFS Standards Board","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464451","article-title":"An accurate and precise liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of six phosphatidylethanol homologues in whole blood with phospholipid interferences minimized","volume":"1711","author":"Maria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4121","article-title":"Phospholipids in liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry bioanalysis: comparison of three tandem mass spectrometric techniques for monitoring plasma phospholipids, the effect of mobile phase composition on phospholipids elution and the association of phospholipids with matrix effects","volume":"23","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R30","first-page":"525","article-title":"A simple, graphical method to evaluate laboratory assays","volume":"33","author":"Krouwer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13865","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/20:4 in human blood after alcohol intake","volume":"42","author":"Lopez-Cruzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9169-1","article-title":"Quantification of phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1, 18:1\/18:1, and 16:0\/16:0 in venous blood and venous and capillary dried blood spots from patients in alcohol withdrawal and control volunteers","volume":"408","author":"Kummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.15.240","article-title":"Bioanalytical procedures and developments in the determination of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens","volume":"8","author":"Oppolzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.04.022","article-title":"Method development for routine liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry measurement of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood","volume":"412","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.463566","article-title":"Determination of eight phosphatidylethanol homologues in blood by reversed phase liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry \u2013 how to avoid co-elution of phosphatidylethanols and unwanted phospholipids","volume":"1684","author":"Maria","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.10.012","article-title":"Investigation of endogenous blood plasma phospholipids, cholesterol and glycerides that contribute to matrix effects in bioanalysis by liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Ismaiel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D083014","article-title":"Widely-targeted quantitative lipidomics method by supercritical fluid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"59","author":"Takeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90168-5","article-title":"Death time estimation in case work. I. The rectal temperature time of death nomogram","volume":"38","author":"Henssge","year":"1988","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900089","article-title":"Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death","volume":"113","author":"Henssge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"2025052712334899200_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3340","article-title":"Consensus for the use of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) for the assessment of abstinence and alcohol consumption in clinical and forensic practice (2022 Consensus of Basel)","volume":"14","author":"Luginb\u00fchl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Analytical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaf007\/62415166\/bkaf007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/289\/62415166\/bkaf007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/289\/62415166\/bkaf007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T16:33:55Z","timestamp":1748363635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jat\/article\/49\/5\/289\/8078624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaf007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-4760","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-2403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]}}}